Division Two

1. Division Two ---- The Bible And Christianity

2. Ⅰ General Introduction • 1.(选) 要点 • *Christianity is by far the most influential in the west . • 2. Judaism and Christianity are closely related. • * ♂(一句话简答)：一字不漏必背型 • →Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related ? • ⑴ In fact , it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity . • ⑵ Both originated in Palestine --- the hub of migration and trade routes , which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas. 世界各地

3. 3. (选) Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews ---- the Hebrews ---- wandered through the deserts of the Middle East. • 4. (选) “Hebrews” , means “wanderers”. • 5.(选) About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan迦侬/南 • 圣地at that time . • 6.* (选) The Hebrew history was recorded later in the Old Testament《旧约》, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible《圣经》. • *(一句话简答)： What great contribution did the Hebrews make for the world civilization? • 答： The Bible and Christianity. 圣经及基督教

4. ⅡThe Old Testament旧约 • ♀♂名词解释： • ⑴ The Old Testament: • ① The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. • ② The Old Testament is about God and theLaws of the God, 上帝的意志. • ③ The word “Testament ” means “agreement” ---- namely, the agreement between God and Man . • ⑵ The New Testament: • ① The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. • ② The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. • ③ The word “Testament ” means “agreement” ---- namely, the agreement between God and Man .

5. 1. The Pentateuch摩西五经 • 1.↘* The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.39卷 开篇5卷 • 2. Pentateuch includes: • * Genesis , Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.共5个n. • ⑴ Genesis：《创世纪》 • ① Genesis belongs to the Pentateuch , the Old Testament , the Bible.---出处 • ② It is a religious account of • (选) a. the origin of the Hebrew people • b. including the origin of the world and of man • c. the career of Issac and the life of Jacob约伯和 and his son Joseph.约瑟夫

6. ⑵ Exodus: 《出埃及记》 • ① Exodus belongs to the Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible. ----出处 • ② It is a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight 出逃from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’ s Law.上帝的意志 • ⑶ Leviticus: 《利未记》 • * It is a collection of primitive laws. 早期法律的集合体 • ⑷ Numbers: 《民数记》 • * 其实是《出埃及记》的续篇~ • * It is a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuses about the Exodus. • ⑸ Deuteronomy 《申命记》/ 《摩西遗言记》 • * the final words of Moses to his people, restating his orders and fifty years’ experiences as a leader.

7. a. The Fall of Man 人类的堕落 （选） • * The Fall of Man is from Genesis , the Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible. ---出处 • b. Noah’s Ark 诺亚方舟 （选） • *①The Noah’s Ark is from the Genesis, the Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible. ---出处 • * ②As the legend goes, around 1900 B.C., there lived a descendent of Noah in Ur (乌尔国:古代美索不达亚南部苏美尔的重要城市) by the name of Abraham.亚伯拉罕 • *③the Promised Land ---- Canaan. 上帝允诺之地 • *④Around 1300 B.C. Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt.古埃及的法老With this began the Exodus出埃及, which lasted forty years. • *⑤In Mt.Sinai, Moses received from God message ---- known as the Ten Commandments. 《摩西十诫》

8. 2. The Historical Books 历史卷（共十卷） • 介绍：This part of the Old Testament includes these books: • ⑴ Book of Joshua 《约书亚记》 • ⑵ Book of Judges 《判官记》 • ⑶ Books of Samuel 《萨穆尔记》（Ⅰand Ⅱ） • ⑷ Books of Kings 《列王记》 （Ⅰand Ⅱ） • ⑸ Books of the Chronicles 《编年史记》 （Ⅰand Ⅱ） • ⑹ Book of Ezra 《以斯拉记》 • ⑺ Book of Nehemiah. 《纳希米亚积》

9. 正文： • ① The Historical Books were written sometime between 800 B.C. and 500 B.C., dealing with the history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C. till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C. • ② The Historical Books also talk about : • The development of system of landed nobles大土地所有制 ， • development of monarchy君主制 ， • age of great prosperity under Saul , David and Solomon, 所罗门，以色列国王 • and establishment of the two Kingdoms.

10. (选) • ⅰ A new leader , Joshua ,（禅让制） brought the Hebrew people safely back to Canaan. • But after Joshua’ s death, the tribes split apart. • ⅱ The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior – farmer named Saul.战士为兵；平日务农 • ⅲ Saul was succeeded by David, rallied the Hebrew tribes against the enemy and established his political and religious capital , Jerusalem. 政教合一的耶路撒冷

11. 4. The Prophets.先知 • ⑴ For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “prophets” or the spokesmen of god. • 神的代言人 • ⑵ Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials神庙长老. Later on there appeared independent prophets.各自为政的先知 • ⑶ The prophets can be classified into two groups: 大先知与小先知 • ↘The Major Prophets and the Minor Prophets

12. 5. The Book of Daniel 丹尼尔记/卷 • 1. ☆名词解释 （重点） • ↘ ① The Book of Daniel appeared in the early days of the rebellion when the Jews revolted against the Syrian叙利亚King Antiochus Ⅳ.安迪克鲁斯四世 • ② It is a story mixed with vision, describing how Daniel and his friends 他的部落 were taken prisoner to Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem and how they refused to compromise their faith. • ③ The former church in 6th century B.C. is called : synagogues. (注意拼写)

13. Ⅲ. Rise of Christianity • *04年论述题： • → What are the major differences between Christianity and the other religions? • → What are the two distinctive beliefs that differentiate Christianity from the other religions? • 答： • ⑴ One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God上帝之子, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as human suffer,饱尝人世间的酸甜苦辣 and die to redeem mankind. 唤醒人类 • ⑵The other is that God gave his only begotten • Son， so that whosoever believes in him should not perish , but have everlasting life. • 核心思想：Thus, at the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus; How ha lived and died to redeem the whole human race . 基督的一生

14. 1~2. The Life of Jesus~The Spread of Christianity • ☆宗教的五个步骤： • A. Prevailing in the small areas ---- 传播 • B. More people to believe in it • C. All the people to believe it • D. Legislation by government ---- 合法化 • E. The official religion ----官方的统治工具

15. * 论述题： • → How did Christianity originate and develop in Europe? • A. Prevailing in the small areas ---- 传播 • → After Jesus died, the disciples such as St. Peter and St. Paul tried to spread his gospel and began to preach to people in the Mediterranean region. ∥ • * In 64 A.D. , when half of Rome was burned to the ground, Nero, seeking to recover his popularity with the mob(乌合之众), illuminated his garden with a public display of burning Christians, on the pretense(借口称) that the incomprehensible Christian fanatics盲信者 had set fire to Rome. • → Christianity 一大耻辱 • * In 73 B.C. ,slave uprising led by Spartacus(斯巴达克思起义)

16. B. More people to believe in it • → It was a time of great unrest and upheaval in Europe.（欧洲动荡不安）Under such conditions, the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel .（穷人和地位低下的人） • C. All the people to believe it • → Men and women from all classes in Europe began to believe in Christianity. • The Romans grew tired of war and feared the collapse of the empire.

17. D. Legislation by government ---- 合法化 • * Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle and so issued the Edict of Milan in 313. 颁发了米兰特赦令 It granted religious freedom to all, and made Christianity legal. • E. The official religion ----官方的统治工具 • * In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. • Conclusion: • * Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. • (选) After the fifth centuryNestorianism reached China. • （唐朝时， 景教作为基督教的一个支教传到了中国）

18. 金字塔形的教会组织： Pope 罗马教皇 ↓ Archbishops ↓ Bishops ↘ diocese ↓ Priest ↘ a parish ↓ Disciples 门徒 早期的教会组合： ⑴. (选) By 300 A.D. , each local church was called a parish 教区（最小组成单位）and had a full time leader known as a priest. ⑵ Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese(主教教区)，which was headed by a bishop. ⑶ The most important bishops were called archbishops. 即：红衣大主教 Ⅳ The New Testament

19. 早期的教会组合： (选) • ⑷ the Christian scriptures 圣经经文, or the New Testament . • ⑸ As Jesus had left no written records, his disciples in the first century, (1A.D.) wrote down in Greek希腊语 about his life and teaching. • ⑹ Towards the end of the fourth century300年后，four accounts 四福音书were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.

20. * The four accounts were believed to have been written by ： • Matthew 圣马赛福音书 • Mark 圣马克福音书 • Luke罗克福音书 • John约翰福音书four of Jesus ’ early followers. • * They tell of the birth , teaching, death and Resurrection 复活of Jesus. • * Then come: • The Acts of the Apostles; 使徒卷 • The Epistles； 信札卷 • The book of Revelation 致胜篇

21. 1. The Birth of Jesus 耶稣的诞生 • * The Birth of Jesus is from St. Matthew , the New Testament,the Bible. • 4. The Last Supper 最后的晚餐　（重点考点） • * 1. The Last Supper is from St. John, the New Testament , the Bible. • 2. Da Vinci put the Christian story The Last Supper into painting named Last Supper in the Renaissance period. • 5. The Crucifixion. 被钉死在十字架上的故事 • * The Crucifixion is from St. John , the New testament, the Bible.

22. Ⅴ. Translations of the Bible • 1. Why do we say the Bible shaped the western civilization more decisively than anything else ever written? • * Because it is much more than a religious book. Reflecting most extensively western ideas and culture, the Bible is really an encyclopaedia. • 百科全书 • All in one, it is history; it is literature; it is record of great minds(思想之集大成者). It has left an enormous influence on the human race.

23. ☆（年年都考的重点） • What are the major translation versions of the Bible? • 1. Except a few passages in the related Aramaic dialect 阿拉米克语the Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew. • 2. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.

24. Version 1: • ⑴The oldest extentGreek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. • ⑵ It was the version used by • the HellenisticJews • 讲古希腊语的 the Greek–speaking Christians • ⑶ And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. • Version 2: 拉丁版足本圣经 • ⑴ The most ancient extent Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition , which was done in 383~405 A.D. by St. Jerome圣.杰罗米in common people’s language. • ⑵ It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic church throughout the world. • ⑶ It was also the basis of the earlier translations into English and other European tongues.

25. 事实： • * By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in 228 languages and parts into 974 languages --- a total of 1202, including tribal tongues. (部落语言) • Version 3 : • ⑴ The first English version of whole Bible (足本圣经) was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.

26. Version 4: • ⑴ After John Wycliff’ s version, appeared William Tyndale’ s version. 汀德尔版圣经 • ⑵ It was based directly on the original Hebrew and Greek sources. 直接译原文 • ⑶ Many passages of his translations are still preserved in the English Bible of today. 价值很高，因为语言损失很小。 Version 5: ⑴ The Great Bible大圣经ordered by HenryⅧ亨利八世 in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’ s work.

27. Version 6 : 官方版/詹姆士版圣经（成教科书了） • ⑴ The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized ” or King James’ version, first published in 1611. • ⑵ It was published by [54 biblical scholars不必记忆] at the command of King James. • ⑶ With its simple, majestic Anglo – Saxon tongue盎格鲁-萨克逊部落语言, it is known as the greatest book in the English language. • Version 7: 修订版圣经 • The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition .

28. Version 8: 新版圣经 • ⑴ Other important recent translations, done in the sixties and seventies（1960~1970’s）are the Good News Bible and the New English Bible. • ⑵ The former is popular for its simple and vivid current idiom; the latter , an entirely fresh rendering of the original Hebrew and Greek. • 1. * How has the English developed ? • A. 古英语的代表Old English: Beowulf • B. 中古英语 Middle English : the Cantebury Tales. ----- Chaucer 乔叟 • C. 现代英语 Modern English : the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs 两大代表 of Modern English.

29. 2. What great significance has the English Bible on both British Literature and American Literature? • ↘ ： • ⑴ The use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition of which the noted examples are ： • ① Milton’s Paradise Lost 《失乐园》 • ② Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》 • ③ Byron’s Cain 《凯恩》 • → Up to the contemporary 20C • ④ Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises 《太阳依旧升起》 • ⑤斯坦贝克Steinbeck’ s East of Eden. 《东方伊甸园》 • ⑵In fact， few great English and American writers of the seventeenth , eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible.