AH English II

1. AH English II • 10/13/16

2. Bellringer (Julius Caesar topics) • Write down if you agree or disagree next to the number in your composition notebooks • It is never right to kill another person. • Political leaders usually act in the best interest of their countries. • If a political leader has done something wrong, it is alright to get rid of him or her by whatever means necessary. • In certain situations, it may be justified for a political leader to bend or break the law for the good of the country. • People should never compromise their ideals or beliefs. • No cause, political or otherwise, is worth dying for. • Now, pick one that you really feel strongly about and explain briefly why. • After attendance, you will share your thoughts with your partner. We will also have group & whole class discussion. 

3. Announcements • Due to my absence and because I did not upload the new Word Wall definitions, we will begin the new 6 words on Tuesday instead of quizzing. You should not be rushed because I could not upload.

4. Announcements continued • This unit will center around Julius Caesar as our main text. • This unit we will focus on argumentative writing and debate topics. • We will discuss how to research & understand the difference between reliable and biased sources. • We will annotate & complete rhetorical analysis. • We will also be focusing on prefixes, suffixes, root words (and recall commonly confused words), as well as connotation/denotation. This will be incorporated weekly. • Activities: Fishbowl, Socratic Seminar, Philosophical Chairs, Debate, Writing, Partners, Rally Coach.

5. Bellringer • Yesterday, we discussed a few of the following. Today, reflect on them again. Have your thoughts changed? Can you support your position? Use reasoning/evidence to support your position on whether you agree or disagree on one of the following: • It is never right to kill another person. • Political leaders usually act in the best interest of their countries. • If a political leader has done something wrong, it is alright to get rid of him or her by whatever means necessary. • In certain situations, it may be justified for a political leader to bend or break the law for the good of the country. • People should never compromise their ideals or beliefs. • No cause, political or otherwise, is worth dying for.

6. EQ’s & Objectives • EQ27 Can I write an argument using valid reasoning and evidence? • W.9/10.2 • EQ28 Can I create organization in an argument using specific claims & rebuttals? • EQ29 Can I anticipate opposing viewpoints while developing claims with evidence?

7. Aristotle’s Three Ways to Persuade Logos Ethos Pathos

8. Who is Aristotle? Aristotle (384-322 BCE)is the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato. Aristotle wrote on an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethicsto physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric.

9. What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. the art of speaking or writing effectively The goal of persuasion is to change others’ point of view or to move others to take action.

10. Rhetoric • According to Aristotle, rhetoric is "the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion." He described three main forms of rhetoric: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos.

11. What is logos, ethos, and pathos? Logos = Logic Ethos = Ethics, Image Pathos = Emotions (Passion)

12. Logos, Ethos, Pathos Using logos, ethos, and pathos will help you to master the art of persuasion. • Through language, you will be able to change the point of view of others! • Through language, you will be able to motivate others to take action!

13. Logos Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

14. Logos: the logic used to support a claim (induction and deduction); can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument. • Persuading by the use of reasoning. • An effective and persuasive reason that supports your ideas.

15. Logos Example: Idea: Students should be allowed to use cell phones during school hours. List three supporting facts and/or statistics that will support the aforementioned idea.

16. Logos Example continued… Few of our children breath fresh air in their schools, which are being sprayed, inside and out, with millions of pounds of deadly, nervous system destroying pesticides. What are the details provided in this claim?

17. Ethos Ethos is an argument based on character. Using ethos means the writer or speaker appeals to the audience’s sense of ethical behavior. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the audience as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical. “I am an ethical expert, so believe what I say.”

18. Ethos (Credibility) Ethos: the source's credibility, the speaker's/author's authority We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the central problems of argumentation is to project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth listening to, in other words making yourself as author into an authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.

19. Ethos Example: Product: George Foreman and his Grilling Machine Repertoire: Boxing Champ and a Preacher Why is George Foreman credible?

20. Pathos Pathos = argument based on feelings Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

21. Pathos (Emotional) Pathos: persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. Emotional appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument. How? Anecdotal writing or narratives within persuasive writing

22. Pathos Example: How does this advertisement appeal to emotion? Why?

23. Logos

24. Ethos

25. Pathos

26. Logos Example In the following example, note how Ian Ayres uses evidence from experience (her work environment, Delta Airlines, the University of Chicago). This evidence establishes the precedent that Ayres uses to compare to the current situation that she argues should be changed.

27. Logos Example We don’t have single-sex toilets at home, and we don’t need them at the office. Then there’s also the small question of efficiency. I see my male colleagues waiting in line to use the men’s room, when the women’s toilet is unoccupied. Which is precisely why Delta Airlines doesn’t label those two bathrooms at the back of the plane as being solely for men and women. It just wouldn’t fly.

28. Ethos Example In the following example, note how Nancy Mairs establishes her credibility and trustworthiness and authority to write about this subject by being honest. Mairs admits she is uncertain about her own motives and shows she understands the discomfort others’ have with this subject.

29. Ethos Examples People—crippled or not—wince at the word “cripple,” as they do not at “handicapped” or “disabled.” Perhaps I want them to wince. I want them to see me as a tough customer, one to whom the fates/gods/viruses have not been kind, but who can face the brutal truth of her existence squarely. As a cripple, I swagger. —Nancy Mairs, “On Being a Cripple”

30. Pathos Example In the following example from a speech by Winston Churchill, note the use of anaphora (repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of items in a series). This repetition emphasizes the point and expresses passion and emotion. Moreover, the repetition affects the audience emotionally.

31. Pathos Example We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. —Winston Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, June 4, 1940

32. Review Logos = logic Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

33. Review Ethos = Ethics / Image Ethos is an argument based on character. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the reader as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical.

34. Review Pathos = argument based on feelings Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

35. Pathos, Ethos, Logos

36. Exit Slip • What is Ethos? Now, give an example. • What is Pathos? Now, give an example. • What is Logos? Now, give an example.

37. Should children be given sex education in schools, or should this be the responsibility of the parents? • Should minors be offered affordable confidential birth control? • Should we arm teachers or put armed guards in schools? • Should assisted  suicide (i.e. euthanasia) for terminally ill patients be legal? • Should we have the death penalty? • Should abortion be legal? • Should students have to pass a graduation test to get their diploma? • Do violent video games lead to violent behavior? • Should college athletes be paid? • Should school students and/or student athletes face mandatory drug-tests? • Should we legalize the sale of human organs?