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Biotechnology A historical overview Dr Chee Kai Chan La Trobe University

Biotechnology A historical overview Dr Chee Kai Chan La Trobe University. DNA FINGER PRINTING CRIMINIAL PROFILING CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION. Forensic. Human Genome Project Functional genomics PROTEOMICS. CANCER RESEARCH GENE THERAPY THERAPEUTIC CLONING STEM CELLS.

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Biotechnology A historical overview Dr Chee Kai Chan La Trobe University

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  1. Biotechnology A historical overviewDr Chee Kai ChanLa Trobe University

  2. DNA FINGER PRINTING CRIMINIAL PROFILING CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION Forensic Human Genome Project Functional genomics PROTEOMICS CANCER RESEARCH GENE THERAPY THERAPEUTIC CLONING STEM CELLS Restriction enzymology Cloning Microarrays/GENE CHIP Genomics CHEESE BEER WINE BREAD YOGHURT Medical Biotech Recombinant DNA HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEM VACCINES ANTIBODIES Biotechnology Fermentation Immunology Modern Biotech Classical Biotech Breeding Microbial Biotech FOOD BIOTECH ENZYMOLOGY ANTIBIOTICS FUELS BIOPOLYMERS AGRICULTURE BIOREMEDIATION Marine Biotech ANIMAL HUSBUNDARY CROP IMPROVEMENT HIGHER YEILD HIGHER RESISTANCE Plant Biotech Animal Biotech FISH BIOTECH NATURAL BIOPRODUCTS TISSUE CULTURE GENETICALLY MODIFIED MEDICIANL TRANSGENICS AGRICULTURE

  3. Dynamic time lineof biotechnology • http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline2.asp • http://www.childrensmuseum.org/biotech/timeline.htm

  4. Definitions • Use of biology to solve problems • Developing Biological products useful to man • Biotechnology” was first coined in 1917 by Karl Ereky, a Hungarian engineer and for much of the last century; it has been the broad term applied to the use of any living organism for a practical purpose, anything from the selective breeding of plants and animals to fermentation of beer or treatment of sewage with organic materials.

  5. Classical Biotech  Cutting edge Biotech • Making of bread using yeast • Wine from grapes • Cheese & yoghurt from milk • Beers from malt & barley • New crops and animals from breeding • Therapeutic drugs-magic bullet • GM Super crops pest resistant and bumper yield • Nanobots for microsurgery • Personalized medicine, information of personal genome on a chip

  6. Biotechnology: Is it something new ? Prehistoric attempts by ancient ancestors to manipulate genetic composition of useful species. • Domestication of animals and cultivation of plants • Artificial selection of genetic variation or selective breeding • Evidence since 8000-1000BC • Eg maize, rice, wheat, palms, dogs, horses, camels ,oxens

  7. Yeast for baking, wine & beers Sumerian tablet recipe for beer 3200 BC Ancient Egyptians diet included bread & beer Chinese use of fermentation using beneficial bacteria to flavor and preserve food. Aztecs make cakes from Spirulina algae. 5000 year old bread http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/alcohol/alcohol.htm http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bread.htm

  8. Herbs for medicine ancient vaccines Saffron- stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus Cumin Tumeric And the ancient Chinese first inoculated people with a weakened strain of the smallpox (variola) virus to prevent further infection

  9. Greek ideas of inheritance Hippocrates (400-500BC) Various parts of a man’s body contains “humors” that are bearers of hereditary traits that are drawn to contribute to the semen. Offspring preformed as miniature, newborn which will inherit the traits of father. Aristotle (384-322 BC) Male semen possess the “vital heat” which cooks and shapes the menstrual blood which is the “physical substance’ to give rise to an offspring Embryo develops as a result of shaping power of vital heat.

  10. Dawn of modern biology1600- Theory of Epigenesis Embryonic development Differentiates into adult structures and organs not present initially. They are formed de novo. Theory of Preformation Sex cell contain a complete miniature adult called the homunculus. Its perfect in every form Still popular in the 1700s Dispel by embryologist Casper Wolff.

  11. 1850 1859 1866 1900 1850-1900birth of modern genetics Charles Darwin Origin of species Gregor Mendel Principles of Inheritance in pea plants Natural selection. How does the variation that drives evolution get transmitted? If Darwin had considered Mendel's work he would have an available answer. Darwin did receive Mendel's paper but was unread (unopened). Why was Mendel's work not appreciated b4 1900? Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries & Tschermak Rediscovery of Mendel’s work. Beginning of modern genetics 1900

  12. Gregor Johann Mendelfather of classical genetics Heinzendorf Central Europe Augustinian monk 1856 Developed the theory of inheritance Demonstrated with statistical data from crossing Pisum sativum Units of inheritance exist and parents transmit these traits to offspring in predictable pattern. Hybridization expts thru careful observation, experimental design, analysis and good science laid down the principles of transmission genetics Unappreciated , but rediscovered 1900 Experiments in plant hybridization

  13. Pasteurization • -1861 French chemist Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization - preserving food by heating it to destroy harmful microbes.

  14. Chromosomal theory of inheritance Chromosomes discovered in early 20th century Epigenetic interpretation was further established Inherited traits are controlled by genes They reside in chromosomes These traits are faithfully transmitted through gametes (reproductive cell) to future individuals in the next generation Thomas Hunt Morgan

  15. Barbara McClintock Jumping genes Colour variation in Maize Transposable elements Stevens & Wilson Sex chr XX: female XY: male 1900-1950cell biology, chromosomes, the search for genetic material Thomas H Morgan Chr theory of inheritance X linked inheritance Fly lab (Sturtevant) Linkage analysis 1902 Avery, MacLeod & McCarty Purified the transforming principle found to be DNA 1910 1944 1950 1900 1908 1919 term biotechnology used fro the 1st time Karl Ereky 1945 Archibald Garrod Inborn errors of metabolism Due to lack of specific enzyme (albinism & alkaptonuria) Max Delbruck Bacteriophages 1st antibiotic Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming Howard Florey 1928 NB Nucleic acid was 1st discovered 1869 by Friedrich Miescher obtained from pus Erwin Chargaff A:T, G:C ratio

  16. Francis Crick & James Watson Solved double helix structure of DNA 1950-1980The code breakers Paul Berg & Herb Boyer 1st recombinant DNA molecules Fred Sanger DNA sequencing Rosalind Franklin X-ray diffraction photos of DNA Smith & Wilcox 1st restriction enzyme Hind III 1953 1951 1972 1977 1970 1980 1960 1970 1950 Monolconal antibody 1975 Kohler and Milstein. 1952 Martha Chase & Alfred Hershey Proof that DNA is Molecule of heredity Boyer Human Insulin from bacteria 1978 Genentech The dawn of biotechnology

  17. 1960s-1980s • 1960's Olah Hornykiewicz, who originally discovered that Parkinson's disease - development of L-Dopa as a therapeutic agent while working in Toronto. • 1961 Discovery of the hematopoietic stem cell by Toronto researchers • 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein show that fusing cells can generate monoclonal antibodies. • • 1982 First genetically engineered product - human insulin produced by Eli Lilly and Company using E. coli bacteria - is approved for use by diabetics.

  18. Announcement of HGP completion Collins & Venter Automated DNA Sequencing machine Caltech & ABI 1980-2000 1986 Huntington's disease Linked to marker Gusella Embryonic stem cells Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2 Obesity gene Apoptosis gene etc identified Gene therapy trial Alec Jeffreys DNA fingerprinting 1984 1998 2000 1990 1994 1997 1980 1989 GM corn, FlavrSavr tomatoes 1987 Wilmut Clones Dolly 1985 Olson, YAC Kary Mullis PCR Gene Chip Francis Collins Lap Chee Tsui Identified gene CFTR (cystic fibrosis) Gene control of development in Drosophila Check timeline Human Genome project

  19. Announcement of HGP completion Collins & Venter 2000-2010 1986 Rice genome seq-2002 Preimplantation genetics Personalised medicine Embryonic stem cells differentiated to heart muscle cells Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2 Obesity gene Apoptosis gene etc identified Personal genome Sequencing $1000 1988 1998 2010 2005 1994 2000 1989 GM corn, tomatoes FlavrSavr 1987 1985 Olson, YAC Alec Jeffreys DNA fingerprinting Glofish 2003 GM zebrafish Gene Chip Francis Collins Lap Chee Tsui Identified gene CFTR (cystic fibrosis) Gene control of development in Drosophila Check timeline Human Genome project

  20. Gene-ethics II Genetics and agriculture GM food: increased yields, increase resistance to pest etc super strains and special desirable qualities eg increase protein yield, with special vitamins, or aa, reduce vulnerability to weather conditions or pesticide. Green revolution-Borlaug, Nobel prize 1970-mexican wheat Bt (B.thuringiensis) pest resistance (produce toxin that kills insects) Round up (glyphosate resistance gene) Genetics and medicine Human Genome project Gene therapy Animal Cloning Human Cloning Stem cells-regenerative medicine

  21. DNA FINGER PRINTING CRIMINIAL PROFILING CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION Forensic Human Genome Project Functional genomics PROTEOMICS CANCER RESEARCH GENE THERAPY THERAPEUTIC CLONING STEM CELLS Restriction enzymology Cloning Microarrays/GENE CHIP Genomics CHEESE BEER WINE BREAD YOGHURT Medical Biotech Recombinant DNA HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEM VACCINES ANTIBODIES Biotechnology Fermentation Immunology Modern Biotech Classical Biotech Breeding Microbial Biotech FOOD BIOTECH ENZYMOLOGY ANTIBIOTICS FUELS BIOPOLYMERS AGRICULTURE BIOREMEDIATION Marine Biotech ANIMAL HUSBUNDARY CROP IMPROVEMENT HIGHER YEILD HIGHER RESISTANCE Plant Biotech Animal Biotech FISH BIOTECH NATURAL BIOPRODUCTS TISSUE CULTURE GENETICALLY MODIFIED MEDICIANL TRANSGENICS AGRICULTURE

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