STAR MARIANAS AIR, INC.

1. STAR MARIANAS AIR, INC. Approved Training Manual’s Lesson Plans And Courseware Initial New Hire – Flight Crew Part II – General Emergency Training Section 1- Emergency Situation Training

2. Before We Start Complete Class Roster Cell Phones OFF 5 Minutes Break 30 Minutes Class

3. General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Training Situation

4. Training Materials Current copy of the General Operations Manual Aircraft flight Manual Training fire extinguisher

5. Flight crewmembers duties and responsibilities • Company communications • Aircraft fires • First Aid Equipment • Illness, injury and basic first aid • Ground evacuation • Ditching • Previous aircraft accidents/incidents • Crewmember incapacitation • Hijacking and other unusual situations General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

6. Flight Crewmembers Duties and Responsibilities • Emergency assignments • Captains emergency authority • Reporting incidents and accidents General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

7. Company Communications • Ground Agency notification procedures General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

8. Aircraft Fires • Principles of combustion and classes of fires • Toxic fumes and chemical irritants • Use of appropriate hand held extinguishers General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

9. First Aid Equipment • Content of the first aid kit • Requirements for first aid kit integrity • Use of individual items General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

10. Illness, Injury and Basic First Aid • Principles of CPR • Ear and sinus blocks • Seeking medical assistance • Treatment of shock • Heart attack and pregnancy situations General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

11. Ground Evacuation • Aircraft configuration • Directing passenger flow • Blocked or jammed exit procedures • Fuel spills and other ground hazards • Handicapped persons General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

12. Ditching • Reading the swells and landing direction • Preparing passengers and aircraft • Use of lifevest • Ocean survival techniques General Emergency Training: Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training

13. USCG AUX Operations Department

14. Ditching, Water Survival and Why You May Need A New ELT How to manage the risks of flying over water Robert T. Shafer, Operations (Response) Department - Deputy Chief U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary Skills you never want to use, but you’d better know just in case!

15. How to plan not to ditch, but how to stay alive if you do • The Hazard – Cold water can kill • Things to do to prevent trouble – Risk Assessment and Management • What to do if things go very wrong – Ditching Technique • How to call for help - Signaling • How to stay alive until help comes – Water Survival • Stuff to use to help stay alive – Equipment (Including those new ELTs)

16. Some Terms • Ditching:Forced landing of an aircraft on water. (Not crashing) • Survive:To remain alive. • SAR – Search and Rescue: Use of available resources to assist persons in distress.

17. Risk Management Terms • Risk – Chance of injury or loss • Mishap – Unplanned event causing loss • Hazard – Real or potential danger • Severity – Potential Consequences • Probability – Likelihood of Mishap • Exposure – Amount of time, # people • Risk Assessment – Evaluation of Risk for Specific Hazards

18. Risk Management 101 • Avoid Unnecessary Risk • Accept Necessary Risk When Benefits Outweigh Costs • Reduce Unavoidable Risk by Reducing • Exposure • Probability • Severity

19. The Hazard • Surface water temperatures in the Great Lakes range from highs in late August around 65°F to 70°F • To a low in late December through late March of about 32°, or. . . • ice water.

20. The Hazard • It’s not just the Great Lakes! • Long term average Sea Surface Temperatures on much of both the East and West coast are less than 50° F.

21. Consequences of the Hazard • Cold Water is a Big, Big Deal! • Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause sudden death. And if it doesn’t, • Cold water removes heat, and with it life, from your body. • Your life expectancy depends on the temperature of the water. • You have to stop heat loss to the cold water or you will die.

22. Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause: • Pain • Uncontrollable gasp (Torso Reflex) may cause aspiration of water & drowning. • Hyperventilation • Changes in BP, heart rate, cardiac arrest & death. • May be cause of many unexplained sudden disappearances. • Alcohol causes this to be exaggerated.

23. Greater Exposure = Greater Risk • Due to extreme cold, lack of muscle coordination begins within 10-15 minutes, making self rescue difficult. • Water conducts heat 25 times faster than air of the same temperature.

24. Average time until death under good conditions • 60 degree water - survival time 7 hours • 50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours • 40 degree water - survival time 2 hours • 32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours

25. Reduce Probability & Exposure • Is it really necessary to fly over water? • Sometimes a short detour will avoid or minimize long over water flights, while adding little time to the overall flight. • Fly as high as possible to extend communication range, and to lengthen gliding time and range. • Avoid flight over water if not necessary, or if you are not equipped.

26. Reduce Probability & Exposure • Make Sure Aircraft is in Good Condition (Sounds obvious, but apparently it isn’t.) • Make Sure Fuel is Sufficient (Again, sounds obvious, doesn’t it? Then why are so many ditching fuel related?) • File an Flight Plan - VFR or IFR • Use Lake / Island Reporting Service, or • Use Flight Following

27. Reduce Probability • Most sudden engine stoppages are fuel related. • Check the fuel carefully for sufficient quantity; then check it again. • Make sure all tanks needed are feeding correctly before going over water.

28. Lake / Island Reporting Service • Flight Service holds your radio “guard” while you are over water. • You check in by radio every 10 min. • If they do not hear from you for 15 min, and they can’t raise you, they assume you’re in trouble, and alert SAR facilities. • It’s easy, it greatly increases your odds, and the price is right!

29. Reduce Severity • Be Equipped w/ Life Jackets (PFDs) & Raft / Exposure Suits • Wear PFDs over Water • Have a Plan • Practice your Plan

30. Reduce Severity • Yes, wear the PFDs when flying over water. • They are very difficult to put on in the plane, while you are preparing to ditch. • They do no good way in the back of the plane with the tow bar, spare oil can, expired charts, tie down ropes and $100 hamburger wrappers.

31. Be Prepared! • Most Ditching occur in critical phases of flight – Take Off, Landing or Hover. • 92% have less than 1 minute warning. • 28% have less than 15 seconds warning.

32. “Preventative SAR” • Always have Positional Awareness when over water. • If you don’t know where you are, who does? • If you don’t know where you are, how can you tell them to come get you?

33. Recognition • Don't be in Denial (It's not just a river in Egypt) • At 500 ft you have about 30 seconds before impact • Fly the Airplane - Best Glide Speed • Make Radio Call - MAYDAY - Position - POB (Persons on Board) - Intentions • Activate ELT - Transponder to 7700 • Aim for any vessels you see.

34. Initial Actions • Secure Loose Items • Get Raft Ready • Secure Door or Canopy Open • Stow Headsets & Loose Items • Remove & Stow Eyeglasses • Tighten Restraining Gear • Broadcast MAYDAY • FLY THE PLANE!

35. Ditching • Determine the direction of the Swells and of the Wind. • Fuel Off unless power is still available. • If power is still available, use it to insure control and a margin above stall. • In retracts, leave gear up. • Tighten PFD's and restraints • Have Passengers assume Brace Positions • Reduce Sink Rate • DO NOT STALL!

36. Fly the aircraft, remain under control From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”

37. Brace Positions • Keep feet outside of seat crush zone. • Feet forward of seat and flat on floor.

38. Brace Positions • Cross arms. • Slip thumbs under shoulder harness straps. • Grip straps firmly.

39. Brace Positions • Tuck head into the V formed by your crossed arms. • This will help prevent your neck from rotating forward and hyper extending.

40. Brace Positions • Seat belts should be low on the hips and as tight as possible. • Shoulder restraints should be tightened as much as possible. • Seat should be aft as far as possible.

41. Brace Positions • For single strap shoulder restraint systems, • Grasp the single strap as shown earlier.

42. Brace Positions • Then grasp your shoulder with the other hand. • Again, this forms a V in which you nest your head.

43. Brace Positions • Then tuck your head into the V formed by your arms, • Grip the shoulder strap and your unrestrained shoulder very tightly.

44. Ditching If no power is available, a greater than normal approach speed should be useddown to the flare. This speed margin will allow the glide to be broken early and more gradually, thereby giving the pilot time and distance to feel for the surface -- decreasing the possibility of stalling high or flying into the water. - - - Aircraft Emergency Procedures Over Water, USCG CG-306

45. Ditching • Calm Water - Land into wind • Low wind speed - Land parallel to swells, on top of swell if possible • High Wind speed - Land into wind on back side of swells • Avoid the face of a swell!

46. Wind speed less than 15 knots – Land parallel to the swells Wind speed greater than 30 knots – Land into the wind Ditching

47. Thumbs Outside of Yoke To prevent them from being broken if the yoke is forced back by the impact.

48. From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”

49. Touchdown! • Brace for Impact w/ thumbs outside of yoke. • Touchdown at the lowest speed possible, but don’t lose control. • Use soft field landing technique. • Use any power still available. • Plane may or may not be upright. You have about a 50/50 chance of being upright or inverted. • It may be dark. You may be underwater. • Keep your shoes on! Don’t panic!

50. From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”