Business Strategies

2. Business Strategies Abusiness strategyis an integrated set of plans and actions designed to enable the business to gain an advantage over its competitors, and in doing so, to maximize its profits.

3. Business Strategies Under alow-cost strategy, a business designs and produces products or services of acceptable quality at a cost lower than that of its competitors. Wal-Mart Southwest Airlines

4. Business Strategies Under adifferential strategy, a business designs and produces products or services that possess unique attributes or characteristics which customers are willing to pay a premium price. Maytag Tommy Hilfiger

5. Value Chain of a Business A value chainis the way a business adds value for its customers by processing inputs into product or service. Inputs Business Processes Products or Services Customer Value

6. Product Wal-Mart General merchandise Toys “R” Us Toys Circuit City Consumer electronics Lands’ End Apparel Amazon.com Internet books, music, video retailer Types of Businesses Merchandising Business

7. Gudang Barang Penjualan Kos barang terjual Sediaan, awal Pembelian Sediaan, akhir Laba kotor Biaya penjualan Biaya administratif Laba operasi XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX Bagian Penjualan Statemen laba-rugi Bagian Administratif/Umum Karakteristik Operasi Perusahaan Dagang Kustomer Penjualan

8. Financial Statements for Merchandising Companies BALANCE SHEET INCOME STATEMENT Inventoriable Costs Sales Revenue deduct when sales occur Purchases of Inventory plus Freight-In Inventory Cost of Goods Sold equals Gross Margin deduct Operating Expenses Period Costs equals Operating Income

9. Product General Motors Cars, trucks, vans Intel Computer chips Boeing Jet aircraft Nike Athletic shoes and apparel Coca-Cola Beverages Sony Stereos and television Types of Businesses Manufacturing Business

10. Karakteristik Operasi Perusahaan Manufaktur Gudang Barang Pembelian Gudang bahan baku Statemen laba-rugi Barang jadi Kos barang terjual Penjualan Biaya penjualan Bagian Penjualan Biaya administratif Laporan kos produksi Pabrik Bagian Administratif/Umum Kos barang manufakturan

11. Financial Statements forManufacturing Companies BALANCE SHEET INCOME STATEMENT Inventoriable Costs Sales Revenue Materials Inventory deduct when sales occur Finished Goods Inventory Cost of Goods Sold equals Gross Margin deduct Work in Process Inventory Operating Expenses Period Costs equals Operating Income

12. Product Disney Entertainment Delta Air Lines Transportation Marriott Hotels Hospitality and lodging Merrill Lynch Financial advice Sprint Telecommunication Types of Businesses Service Business

13. Financial Statements forService Companies • There is no inventory and thus no inventoriable costs. • The income statement does not include cost of goods sold. Revenues – Expenses = Operating income

14. Service Provides intangible services, rather than tangible products Merchandising resells products previously bought from suppliers Service, Merchandising, and Manufacturing Companies

15. Service, Merchandising, and Manufacturing Companies Manufacturing Company: • uses labor, plant, and equipment to convert raw materials into finished products • Materials inventory • Work in process inventory • Finished goods inventory

16. Manufacturing Company Example • Kendall Manufacturing Company: • Beginning and ending work-in-process inventories were $20,000 and $18,000. • Direct materials used were $70,000. • Direct labor was $100,000. • Manufacturing overhead incurred was $150,000.

17. Manufacturing Company Example • What is the cost of goods manufactured? Beginning work in process $ 20,000 Direct labor $100,000 Direct materials 70,000 Mfg. overhead 150,000 320,000 Ending work in process (18,000) Cost of goods manufactured $322,000

18. Manufacturing Company Example • Kendall Manufacturing Company’s beginning finished goods inventory was $60,000 and its ending finished goods inventory was $55,000. • How much is the cost of goods sold?

19. Manufacturing Company Example Beg. finished goods inventory $ 60,000 + Cost of goods manufactured 322,000 = Cost of goods available for sale $382,000 – Ending finished goods 55,000 = Cost of goods sold $327,000

20. Manufacturing Company Example • Kendall Manufacturing Company had sales of $627,000 for the period. • How much is the gross margin? Sales $627,000 – Cost of goods sold 327,000 = Gross margin $300,000

21. Manufacturing Company Example • Kendall Manufacturing Company had operating expenses as follows: • $80,000 Sales salaries 10,000 Delivery expense 30,000 Administrative expenses $120,000 Total • What is Kendall’s operating income?

22. Manufacturing Company Example Gross margin $300,000 – Operating expenses 120,000 = Operating income $180,000

23. Direct Materials Inventory Beginning inventory Purchases and freight-in Direct materials available for use Ending inventory Direct materials used Work in Process Inventory Beginning inventory Direct materials used Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs to account for Ending inventory Cost of goods manufactured Flow of Costs through a Manufacturer’s Accounts

24. Flow of Costs through a Manufacturer’s Accounts • Finished Goods Inventory • Beginning inventory • Cost of goods manufactured • Cost of goods available for sale • Ending inventory • Cost of goods sold

25. Manufacturing Cost Terms

26. ASSET EXPENSE Payroll Check EXPENSE COST

27. Managerial Cost Concepts • Manufacturing Costs • Manufacturing consists of activities to convert raw materials into finished goods. • In contrast, a merchandising firm sells goods in the form in which they were bought. • Categories of manufacturing costs include: LO 3 – Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.

28. Komponen Kos Produk Overhead Material (bahan baku) Tenaga kerja langsung

29. K a s Mesin Bahan baku Produk Utang Tenaga kerja kos kos Aliran fisik Konsep kos sebagai bahan olah akuntansi Penyimbolan elemen Pengukuran elemen untuk data dasar kos kos kos kos Sistem informasi Rp750.000 Rp3.500.000 Rp1.500.000 Rp7.500.000 Rp2.500.000 Rp1.750.000

30. Manufacturing Costs Materials Raw Materials Basic materials used in manufacturing Direct Materials Raw materials that can be physically and directly associated with the finished product LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.

31. Manufacturing Costs Materials • Indirect Materials • Raw materials that cannot be easily associated with the finished product • Not physically part of the finished product or they are an insignificant part of finished product in terms of cost • Considered part of manufacturing overhead LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.

32. Manufacturing Costs Labor Direct Labor Work of factory employees that can be physically and directly associated with converting raw materials into finished goods Indirect Labor Work of factory employees that has no physical association with the finished product or for which it is impractical to trace to the goods produced LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.

33. Manufacturing Costs • Manufacturing Overhead • Costs that are indirectly associated with manufacturing the product • Includes all manufacturing costs exceptdirect materials and direct labor LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.

34. DM Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods DM Materials Purchased Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable Total Wages DM Direct materials used in production

35. IM Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods DM DM Materials Purchased IM Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable Total Wages IM Indirect materials used in production

36. Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods DM DM Materials Purchased DL IM Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable IM DL Total Wages DL Direct labor used in production

37. Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods DM DM Materials Purchased DL IM Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable IM DL Total Wages IL IL IL Indirect labor used in production

38. OFOH Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods DM DM Materials Purchased DL IM Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable IM DL Total Wages IL IL OFOH Other factory overhead costs incurred during production

39. Based on predetermined overhead rate Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods DM DM Materials Purchased DL IM FOHA Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable IM DL FOHA Total Wages IL IL OFOH FOHA Factory overhead applied to work in process

40. COGM Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods COGM DM DM Materials Purchased DL IM FOHA Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable IM DL FOHA Total Wages IL IL OFOH COGM Cost of goods manufactured and transferred to finished goods

41. SOLD Flow of Manufacturing Costs Materials Work in Process Finished Goods COGM COGM SOLD DM DM Materials Purchased DL IM FOHA Cost of Goods Sold Factory Overhead Wages Payable IM DL FOHA Total Wages IL IL OFOH SOLD Finished goods sold

42. Review Question Which of the following is not an element of manufacturing overhead?: a. Sales manager’s salary. b. Plant manager’s salary. c. Factory repairman’s wages. d. Product inspector’s salary. LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.

43. Penggolongan Biaya Objek Pengeluaran Fungsi Pokok dalam Perusahaan Hubungan Biaya dengan Sesuatu yang Dibiayai Perilaku Biaya dengan Perubahan Volume

44. Menurut Objek Pengeluaran Dalam cara penggolongan ini, nama objek pengeluaran merupakan dasar penggolongan biaya. Misalkan nama objek pengeluaran adalah Bahan Bakar, maka semua pengeluaran yang berhubungan dengan bahan bakar disebut “ Biaya Bahan Bakar “

45. Menurut Fungsi Pokok Perusahaan Dalam Perusahaan terdapat 3 fungsi pokok, yaitu Produksi, Pemasaran dan Administrasi & Umum Biaya Produksi merupakan biaya yang terjadi untuk mengolah bahan baku menjadi barang jadi Biaya Pemasaran Merupakan biaya yang terjadi untuk melaksanakan pemasaran Biaya Administrasi & Umum Merupakan biaya untuk mengkoordinasi kegiatan produksi & pemasaran

46. Klasifikasi KosFungsional + + + + = = + Tenaga Kerja Langsung Tenaga Kerja Taklangsung Overhead Lainnya Bahan Penolong + = = Administratif/Umum Pemasaran Bahan Baku Overhead Komersial Produksi Operasi Total Utama Konversi Perioda (nonpemanufakturan)

47. Klasifikasi Umum Biaya Biaya Produksi: BB (langsung -tidak langsung) BTK (langsung- tidak langsung) BOP Biaya Non Produksi: Biaya pemasaran atau penjualan Biaya administrasi

48. Metode Penentuan Biaya Produksi Full Costing Merupakan metode penentuan kos produksi yang memperhitungkan semua unsur biaya produksi ke dalam kos produksi ditambah biaya non produksi BBB + BTKL + BOP Fix + BOP Var Kos Non Produksi + Kos Produksi B. Adm Umum + B. Pemasaran

49. Metode Penentuan Biaya Produksi Variable Costing Merupakan metode penentuan kos produksi yang hanya memperhitungkan biaya produksi yang berperilaku variabel ke dalam kos produksi B. AD UM VAR BOP FIX B. MARK FIX BTKL B. AD UM FIX B. MARK VAR BBB BOP VAR

50. Biaya pemasaran atau penjualan semua biaya yang diperlukan untuk menangani pesanan konsumen dan memperoleh produk atau jasa untuk disampaikan kepada konsumen. contoh : pengiklanan, pengiriman, perjalanan dalam rangka penjualan, komisi penjualan, gaji untuk bagian penjualan, biaya penyimpanan gudang • Biaya administrasi pengeluaran eksekutif , organisasional dan klerikal yang berkaitan dengan manajemen umum organisasi. contoh : gaji eksekutif, akuntan umum, kesekretariatan, humas