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Spirochaetes and Gram Negative Anaerobes

Spirochaetes and Gram Negative Anaerobes. SPIROCHAETES. Spiral flexible gram negative rods Arranged in spirals and with flagellae (fibrils) originating at each end and curling around the body within the outer envelope Main SPIROCHAETES: Leptospira Borrelia Brachyspira. LEPTOSPIRA.

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Spirochaetes and Gram Negative Anaerobes

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  1. Spirochaetes and Gram Negative Anaerobes

  2. SPIROCHAETES • Spiral flexible gram negative rods • Arranged in spirals and with flagellae (fibrils) originating at each end and curling around the body within the outer envelope • Main SPIROCHAETES: • Leptospira • Borrelia • Brachyspira

  3. LEPTOSPIRA • Very fine (0.2m in diameter, 10m long) • Tightly coiled, hooked ends. • Aerobic • Fastidious, easily destroyed • Classified by DNA and serology into species L. hardjo

  4. SEROGROUPS OF VETERINARY IMPORTANCE • Canicola (interstitial nephritis in dogs) • Icterohaemorrhagiae (Weil’s Disease, Leptospiral Jaundice) • Pomona • Sejroe serovar hardjo (now) L.borgpetersenii/ hardjo/ hardjobovis, • L. interrogans/hardjo/ hardjoprajitno

  5. LEPTOSPIRAL ABORTION

  6. PLACENTAL INFECTION, L. HARDJO

  7. LEPTOSPIRA IN KIDNEY

  8. BORRELIA • Large spirochaetes, live in blood, • Difficult to isolate, aerobic, identified by PCR • B. anserina, tick transmitted in birds by Argas persicus • B.burgdorferi (Lyme disease of man, dogs) tick transmitted (Ixodes,Haemophysalis) • In Europe, also B.afzellii, B.garinii

  9. BORRELIA BURGDORFERI

  10. Ixodes ricinus

  11. HUMAN LYME DISEASE

  12. ANAEROBIC BACTERIA IN INFECTIONS • Anaerobic bacteria require anaerobic conditions • They can grow in the lumen of the large intestine and rumen • Elsewhere they require loss of blood supply, necrotic conditions or a population of aerobes which reduces the oxygen tension • They can therefore cause disease at surfaces • They can colonise lesions or fluids in the body

  13. BRACHYSPIRA • Anaerobic, large spirochaetes (0.3-0.4 m by 10 m), grow on blood agar to cause varying amounts of  haemolysis. • Identified to species by haemolysis, API ZYM test, size, sugars (hippurate) and indole. • Live in large intestine of animals and birds where some cause inflammation, diarrhoea and dysentery

  14. SPECIES OF BRACHYSPIRA • B. hyodysenteriae , swine dysentery • B. innocens • B. pilosicoli, spirochaetal diarrhoea, pig, dog, man • B.alvipulli, birds especially chickens

  15. Goose Diarrhoea

  16. BACTEROIDES • Gram negative rods, obligate anaerobes • Biochemically active and produce volatile fatty acids. • Present in the gut flora all species

  17. SPECIES OF BACTEROIDES • Bacteroides are large intestinal inhabitants • Bacteroides fragilis may cause diarrhoea when toxigenic • Bacteroides vulgatus in gut • All Bacteroides sp may colonise anaerobic lesions such as pleurisy and existing necrotic lesions

  18. B. VULGATUS

  19. DICHELOBACTER • Strictly anaerobic gram negative rod • Long, clubbed ends with fimbriae • Produces elastase • 12 serotypes • Fastidious in culture • Footrot in sheep where it colonises interdigital space and underruns hoof horn

  20. FUSOBACTERIUM • Gram negative anaerobic rods • Biochemically active, identify to species using API A • Produce butyrate

  21. Fusobacterium necrophorum • Long beaded rods, rounded ends •  Haemolytic colonies and powerful necrotoxin. • More than one serotype • Sensitive to metronidazole and penicillins, tetracyclines, tiamulin, tylosin • Found in necrotic lesions in all species • Foul in the foot and calf diphtheria

  22. F. necrophorum in pus. Note long beaded rod

  23. F. necrophorum colonies

  24. SHEEP WITH FOOTROT

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