1 / 20

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Features Classification Predominantly Inattentive Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Combined. ADHD. Gender Differences Boys outnumber girls 4 to 1 Cultural Factors Probability of diagnosis is greatest in the United States Toxins as Cause?

gazit
Download Presentation

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Features Classification Predominantly Inattentive Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Combined

  2. ADHD Gender Differences Boys outnumber girls 4 to 1 Cultural Factors Probability of diagnosis is greatest in the United States Toxins as Cause? Allergens and food additives NOT related Maternal smoking increases risk

  3. ADHD: Biological Factors • Genetic Factors • ADHD seems to run in families • Three specific genes have been implicated • Neurobiological Factors • Smaller brain volume • Inactivity of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia • Abnormal frontal lobe development and functioning

  4. Biological Treatment of ADHD Stimulant Medications Ritalin, Dexedrine, Adderall, others Paradoxical Effect Reduce the core symptoms of ADHD in 70% of cases Improve compliance and decrease negative behaviors Do not affect learning and academic performance Relapse following discontinuation

  5. Behavioral Treatment of ADHD • Behavioral Treatment • Increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate behaviors • May also involve parent training • Combined Biopsychosocial Treatments • Highly recommended • Generally superior to either tx alone

  6. Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder

  7. Learning Disorders • Academic Performance Lower than IQ Predicts • Reading Disorder • Arithmetic Disorder • Disorder of Written Expression • Disorder vs. Disability?

  8. Autism Spectrum Disorders Autistic Disorder Social and Communication Impairment Restricted Behavior Asperger’s Disorder Similar to Austism without Communication Impairment

  9. Additional Pervasive Developmental Disorders • Rett’s Disorder • Initial Normal Development • Increasing Mental Retardation • Childhood Disintegrative Disorder • Regression in language and motor skills at 2 to 4 years

  10. Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders • Biological and medical treatments are unavailable • Behavioral treatments • Skill building • Reduction of problem behaviors • Target communication and language problems • Address socialization deficits • Early intervention is critical • Integrated treatments: The preferred model • Focus on children, their families, schools, and home

  11. Mental Retardation Mild IQ from 50-55 to 70 ~85% Moderate IQ from 35-40 to 50-55 ~10% Severe IQ from 20-25 to 35-40 ~3-4% Profound IQ below 20-25 ~1-2%

  12. Other Classification Systems • American Association of Mental Retardation • Levels of assistance required • Intermittent, limited, extensive, pervasive • Classification of MR in educational systems • Educable (IQ of 50 to 70-75) • Trainable (IQ of 30 to 50) • Severe (IQ below 30)

  13. Mental Retardation Biological Factors Chromosomal Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome Neurological Injury Prenatal – exposure to disease or a drug/toxin Perinatal – difficulties during labor Postnatal – head injury Cultural-Familial Environmental Deprivation, Abuse Considered to be about 75% of Cases

  14. Treatment of Mental Retardation • Parallels treatment of pervasive developmental disorders • Teach needed skills • To foster productivity and independence • Educational and behavioral management • Living and self-care skills via task analysis • Communication training • Community and supportive interventions

  15. Other Childhood Disorders Tic Disorders Tourette’s Syndrome Elimination Disorders Separation Anxiety Selective Mutism Others

  16. Cognitive Disorders • Nature of Cognitive Disorders • Broad impairments in memory, attention, perception, and thinking • Profound changes in behavior and personality • Three Classes • Delirium • Dementia • Amnesia

  17. Dementia Gradual deterioration of brain functioning Affects judgment, memory, language, and advanced cognitive processes Dementia has many causes and may be reversible or irreversible Impairments have a marked negative impact on social and occupational functioning

  18. DSM-IV Classes of Dementia • Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type • Vascular Dementia • Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions • Parkinson’s Disease • Huntington’s Disease • Pick’s Disease • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease • Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia • Dementia Due to Multiple Etiologies • Dementia Not Otherwise Specified

  19. Range of Cognitive Deficits • Aphasia • Speech and word usage deficits • Apraxia • Task and coordination deficits • Agnosia/Facial Agnosia • Recognition deficits • Executive Function • Deficits in planning, organizing, sequencing, or abstracting information

  20. Treatment of Dementia • Medical Treatment: Best If Enacted Early • Few medical treatments exist for most types of dementia • Attempt to slow deterioration • Do not actually stop progression of dementia • Psychosocial Treatments • Focus on enhancing the lives of dementia patients and their families/caregivers • Teach adaptive skills • Use memory enhancement devices (e.g., memory notebook) • Main emphasis of psychosocial interventions is on the caregivers (help caregivers cope and help them help the patient)

More Related