Reconstruction to Populism 1860’s to 1890’s

1. Reconstruction to Populism1860’s to 1890’s

2. Chapter 17 • Reconstruction – process of reuniting the nation 1865-1877 • Ten Percent Plan – Lincoln proposal • Wade-Davis Bill • 13th Amendment – Dec. 18, 1865 – made slavery illegal in US • Freedmen’s Bureau – aid group for poor people in south • Andrew Johnson • Black Codes – deprived black people of basic rights • Radical Republicans – politicians most in favor of equal rights for minorities

3. Freedmen’s Bureau Andrew Johnson 17th President

4. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gave blacks the same legal rights as whites • 14th Amendment – July 28, 1868 – all people born or naturalized in US are citizens Ulysses S. Grant elected President in 1868 • Reconstruction Acts – banned ex-confederates from voting or holding political office – placed South under military rule - 1867 • 15th Amendment – March 30, 1870 – gave black men the right to vote • Republican-dominated governments with black support in south • Carpetbaggers/Scalawags • Hiram Revels – 1870 – first black man to be elected to the U.S. Senate – from Mississippi • Ku Klux Klan – formed in 1866 in Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest/ 2nd KKK formed in 1915 • General Amnesty Act of 1872 • Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President • Compromise of 1877 • Reconstruction ends– whites are returned political privileges

5. Ulysses S. Grant 18th President Hiram Revels Rutherford B. Hayes – 19th President

6. States that went through Reconstruction

7. Nathan Bedford Forrest

8. Civil Rights Act of 1875 – guaranteed all people equal rights in public places – later declared unconstitutional • Redeemers – Southern democrats • Jim Crow Laws – laws that required racial segregation in the South – poll tax, literacy test, public segregation • Plessy vs. Ferguson – 1896 – Supreme Court rules that “Separate but Equal” is legal • Many Southern blacks continue to do the same work for the same person that had been their owner before the Civil War - sharecropping

12. Indian Wars in the West • American expansion westward brought conflict with Indian tribes – Manifest Destiny • Conflicts lasted from 1860’s to 1890 • Most tribes were moved to reservations • Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 - Colorado • War with the Sioux – 1874-1876 - Dakotas • Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse – Sioux leaders • Battle of the Little Bighorn – June 25, 1876 – George Armstrong Custer • Buffalo Soldiers – black soldiers • War with the Navajo and Apache – 1860’s to 1880’s • Geronimo • Massacre at Wounded Knee – 1890 – South Dakota – Indian Wars are over

13. Crazy Horse Sitting Bull George Armstrong Custer Custer’s Last Stand

14. Aftermath at Wounded Knee

15. Geronimo

16. The Wild West • Mining, Ranching, and Farming were the big reasons for westward movement • Pony Express – 1860’s • Transcontinental Railroad – 1862-1869 • Mining towns were know as Boomtowns – gold/silver • Cattle Kingdom – Texas to Canada – Cowboys • Range Wars • 1862 – Homestead Act • Sodbusters

18. Pony Express Transcontinental Railroad

19. 2nd Industrial Revolution – 1850’s to 1890’s • New power sources – petroleum/oil, electricity • Led to new transportation expansion • 1. Railroads – 193,000 miles of track by 1900 • 2. Cars – 1893 • 3. Airplanes – 1903 – Wright Brothers – Kitty Hawk, NC • 1876 – Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell • 1879 – Electric Light Bulb – Thomas Edison

20. First Airplane Flight First Car Wright Brothers

21. Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison

22. Big Business Forms • Free Enterprise – government leaves business alone • Entrepreneurs – people who start new businesses • Patents – exclusive right to make or sell an invention • Corporations – businesses that sell ownership stock to individuals • Andrew Carnegie – Steel Production – Vertical Integration • John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company – Horizontal Integration • Trusts – when companies group together to force out competition • America is industrial leader of the world by mid- 1890’s

23. Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller

24. Workers Fight Back • Labor Unions form to get better working conditions and pay – collective bargaining • A. Knights of Labor • B. American Federation of Labor – AFL • 1886 – Haymarket Riot – Chicago • Anarchists – people who oppose all government • 1889 – Homestead Strike – Pennsylvania • Pinkerton Detective Agency • 1894 – Pullman Strike • 1890 – Sherman Anti-Trust Act – made monopolies and trusts illegal

25. Haymarket Riot

26. New Immigrants – After 1880 • Old Immigrants – before 1880 – mostly from Northern and Western Europe • New Immigrants – After 1880 – mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia • 1. Came looking for jobs created by 2nd Industrial Revolution – did most of the low-paying factory and construction work in the US. • 2. Came to escape religious and political persecution – Armenians and Jews • Voyages were usually difficult and uncomfortable – Steerage class • Ellis Island, NY – main immigrant processing center

27. Ellis Island

28. Urban Life • Most new immigrants settled in northern and mid-western cities, causing rapid growth – led to overcrowding, sanitation problems, increase in crime • 1. 1850 – 6 cities with population over 100,000 • 2. 1900 – 35 cities with population over 100,000 • Settled in areas with other people from their race or religion • Benevolent Societies – aid groups set up to assist immigrant groups (death, sickness, unemployment) • Many middle-class Americans began to move to suburbs – areas outside of cities

29. Resistance to Immigrants • Nativists – people opposed to immigrants, usually because of racial or religious prejudice – worried about job competition • 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – banned immigrants from China for 10 years – repealed in 1943 • 1894 – Immigration Restriction League – wanted all immigrants to prove literacy in some language, especially English

30. Rise of Populism • US population doubled between 1860 and 1900 – number of farms tripled • Farm competition and overproduction led to many farmers struggling – blames big business and it’s influence in government • 1867 – National Grange • 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act – regulated trade and railroads • 1888 – Sherman Silver Purchase Act – increased money supply • 1892 – Populist Party formed for national political elections – struggled to find support and faded away