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RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION. 1865-1877. African-Americans. 3,953,696 Slaves in1860 Another 490,000 free blacks in 1860. Goals Freedom Political Autonomy Economic Rights. Southern Whites. Over 9 million strong in 1860 Interest in Status Quo Investment Threat to Society. Northern Whites.

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RECONSTRUCTION

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  1. RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877

  2. African-Americans • 3,953,696 Slaves in1860 • Another 490,000 free blacks in 1860. • Goals • Freedom • Political Autonomy • Economic Rights

  3. Southern Whites • Over 9 million strong in 1860 • Interest in Status Quo • Investment • Threat to Society

  4. Northern Whites • Over 19 million in 1860. • Interests • Workers fear competing with freedmen • Cheap land • Assumptions of race

  5. Radical Republicans • Leaders in the Republican Party including key members • Thaddeus Stevens (Ways and Means) • Owen Lovejoy (Ag.) • James Ashley (Territories) • Henry Davis (Foreign Relations) • George Julian (Public Lands) • Henry Wilson (Judiciary) • Interests • End of slavery • Black troops • Equal Rights • Punish Southerners • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASradical.htm

  6. 13th Amendment • Proposed an end to slavery • Proposed Jan 31, 1865 • Ratified by 27 of the 36 states December 18, 1865. The only one of the 36 states not to eventually ratify it was Mississippi. • One of the first Constitutional Amendments giving Congress the power to enforce the law. • http://www.historicaldocuments.com/13thAmendment.htm

  7. 14th Amendment • A Reaction to Southern Black Codes • Proposed June 13, 1866. • Promised the Federal government would defend the rights of citizens • Ratified by 28 of 37 states by June 9, 1868. Kentucky was the last of the states to ratify in 1976. • http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/USA/14Ammend.html

  8. 15th Amendment • Gave black, adult males the right to vote. • Proposed February 25, 1869. • Ratified on March 30, 1870. • http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=03Ratification

  9. Freedman’s Bureau • Established March 3, 1865 • Supervised relief and education for refugees and freedmen. • Supervised by Gen. O.O. Howard • Distributed over 21,000,000 rations, built and staffed over 1,000 schools, and provided funding to every contemporary black college. • Opposed by President Andrew Johnson • http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=03Ratification

  10. Military Occupation • Established on March 7, 1867 as part of First Reconstruction Act. • Over 200,000 troops stationed in the South. • Created a modified version of Martial Law. • Opposed by President Johnson. • Led indirectly to Johnson’s impeachment • http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/06FirstImpeachmentDiscussions/MilitaryReconstruction.htm

  11. “New South” • Phrase coined by Henry Grady, editor of Atlanta Constitution. • Argued the old boundaries were gone. • The South must and would industrialize. • Blacks would be partners in this transformation. • Supported by industrialist and investment banker Richard Edmunds. • Rapid growth in Iron, Coal, Tobacco and Cotton Mills in the South followed.

  12. Means of Opposition • Legal reactions • Led by Bourbons or Redeemers • Literacy Tests • Grandfather Clause • “Jim Crow” • Plessy v Ferguson (1896) in 7-1 vote • Extra Legal • Ku Klux Klan • http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/post-civilwar/plessy.html

  13. Results of Reconstruction • Short Term • Slavery Ended • Political equality foiled by Redeemers • Congress failed to give freedmen needed economic needs • Long Term • Gave civil rights leaders moral high ground and some laws to give them legal standing.

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