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Female Reproductive System

Learn about the parts, functions, and pathologies of the female reproductive system. Study the menstrual cycle, contraception, and fertility.

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Female Reproductive System

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  1. Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

  2. Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter you will be able to: • Name the parts of the female reproductive system and discuss the function of each part • Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the female reproductive system • Identify the meaning of related abbreviations • Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating the female reproductive system

  3. Objectives Part 2 Objectives cont'd • List and define the major pathological conditions of the female reproductive system and discuss the function of each part • Explain the meaning of surgical terms related to the female reproductive system • Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating the female reproductive system

  4. Structure and Function Structure and Function The Female Reproductive System Functions to: • Produce female sex cells (ova) in the ovaries or gonads • Move the ova to the site of fertilization • Nurture fertilized ova until birth Fimbriae Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder Cervix Symphysis pubis Rectum Urethra Clitoris Vagina Labia minora Labia majora Anus Vagina vulva

  5. Path of an Egg Structure and Function Path of an Egg in the Ovarian Cycle Ovary Egg • Ovaries release the eggs cyclically from the graafian follicle Uterine tube • The fertilized egg is transported to the uterus where it develops into an embryo Uterus If not fertilized If fertilized • At the end of gestation the infant is born through the vagina or surgically through the abdomen in a Cesarean delivery Expulsion through menstruation Implantation

  6. The Female Breast Structure and Function The Female Breast • Also called mammary glands. It is an accessory organ of the female reproductive system • Provides milk to nurse the infant (lactation) after birth • Consists of mammary glands and ducts • The dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple is called the areola Rib Mammary glands Adipose tissue Lactiferous duct Mammary duct

  7. Reproductive Organs Between the ages of 10-14 years, the first menstruation (menarche) occurs. Menopause signals the end of the childbearing years. Climacteric is the period leading up to menopause. Structure and Function Reproductive Organs Ovaries • Two small solid oval structures • Located in the pelvic cavity • Produce ova and secrete female hormones • At birth most female ovaries contain between 200,000 to 400,000 immature ova (oocytes) in each ovary

  8. Uterus • Consists of three parts • -Upper portion fundus • -Middle portion body • -Lower portion cervix Structure and Function The ovum, fertilized or not, will end up in the uterus. Uterus • Is about 3 inches long • If fertilization does not occur, the ovum will be released along with the endometrium during menstruation. • Consists of three layers • -Outer layer (perimetrium) • -Middle layer (myometrium) • -Inner layer (endometrium) • If fertilization does occur, the ovum will attach to the endometrium where it will be nourished for the duration of gestation (about 40 weeks).

  9. Movement of an Oocyte Structure and Function Movement of an Oocyte During the Female Cycle Fertilization Sperm cells Egg cell Sperm nucleus Egg nucleus Secondary oocyte Ovulation Beginning of implantation 2-cell stage 4-cell stage 8-cell stage

  10. Hormones and Cycles Hormones and Cycles Structure and Function estrogen progesterone prolactin oxytocin Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

  11. Sample 28-Day Cycle Structure and Function Sample 28-Day Cycle LH FSH FSH LH Developing ovum Ovulation Breaking down of ovum Days 1 7 14 21 28 Uterine activity Estrogen Progesterone Progesterone Estrogen Thickness of endometrium Menstruation Build-up to ovulation Ovulation Post-ovulation period Menstruation

  12. Preventing Fertilization Forms of Contraception • Condom • Intrauterine device (IUD) • Spermicide • Diaphragm • Rhythm method Structure and Function Preventing Fertilization At the point of ovulation, fertilization can be prevented with contraception. NOTE: High doses of estrogen and progesterone can prevent ovulation.

  13. Fertilization Structure and Function Fertilization As a result of sexual intercourse (coitus), fertilization may occur. chorion para gravida Pregnancy amniotic fluid umbilical cord afterbirth

  14. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (amni) amnion cervix vagina vulva milk female uterus Combining Forms and Abbreviations Meaning Combining Form amni(o) cervic(o) colp(o) episi(o) galact(o) gynec(o) hyster(o)

  15. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (lact) milk breast breast menstruation uterus egg ovary Combining Forms and Abbreviations Meaning Combining Form lact(o) mamm(o) mast(o) men(o) metr(o) oo oophor(o)

  16. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (ov) egg ovary perineum fallopian tube uterus vagina vulva Combining Forms and Abbreviations Meaning Combining Form ov(i) ovari(o) perine(o) salping(o) uter(o) vagin(o) vulv(o)

  17. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (AB) abortion alpha-fetoprotein abdominal hysterectomy carcinoma in situ cesarean section cesarean section cervix Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning AB AFP AH CIS CS C-section CX

  18. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (D&C) dilation and curettage diethylstilbestrol dysfunctional uterine bleeding endocervical curettage expected date of confinement endometrial biopsy estrogen replacement therapy Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning D&C DES DUB ECC EDC EMB ERT

  19. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (FHT) fetal heart tones follicle-stimulating hormone gravida (pregnancy) gynecology human chorionic gonadotropin hormone replacement therapy hystersalpingography Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning FHT FSH G gyn HCG HRT HSG

  20. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (HSO) hysterosalpingoophorectomy intrauterine device luteinizing hormone last menstrual period multiparous obstetrics oral contraceptive pill Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning HSO IUD LH LMP multip OB OCP

  21. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (P) para (live births) papanicolaou smear pelvic inflammatory disease previous menstrual period premenstrual syndrome Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning P Pap smear PID PMP PMS

  22. Combining Forms & Abbreviations (primip) primiparous total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy toxic shock syndrome uterine contractions Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning primip TAH-BSO TSS UC

  23. Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Terms Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms Gynecologists are physicians who diagnose and treat disorders of the female reproductive system. An obstetrician diagnoses and treats both normal and abnormal pregnancies and childbirth.

  24. Vaginal & Cervical Examinations Hysteroscopy Culdoscopy -use of an endoscope to examine the contents of the pelvic cavity -use of a lighted instrument to examine the interior of the uterus Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms Examination of the Vagina and Cervix • Papanicolaou Smear • -gathers cells from the cervix to detect cervical and vaginal cancer • -speculum is used • Colposcopy • -a lighted instrument used to examine the cervix and vagina Other Examinations

  25. Mammography Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms Mammography • X-ray of the breast, used to screen for breast cancer • Recommended age differs based on family history, physical condition and the recommending body (AMA, ACS, and NIH)

  26. Pregnancy Test Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms Pregnancy Test • A blood or urine test to detect human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). • Also can be detected by palpation of the uterus during an internal examination by the gynecologist or obstetrician. Fertility Test • Hysterosalpingography is an examination of the uterus and uterine tubes following the injection of a contrast medium.

  27. Pathological Terms Pathological Terms The premature end of a pregnancy is called abortion. Types of abortions • Habitual abortion • Spontaneous abortion • Missed abortion Pregnancy Complications • ectopic pregnancy • abruptio placentae • placenta previa • preeclampsia • Rh incompatibility • breech presentation

  28. Pathological Terms Part 2 Pathological Terms Dysmenorrhea Amenorrhea Painful cramping Absence of menstruation Menstrual Abnormalities Menorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Excessive menstrual bleeding Scanty menstrual flow Metrorrhagia Menometrorrhagia Bleeding between periods Irregular and excessive bleeding during or between periods

  29. Pathological Terms Part 3 Pathological Terms Inflammatory and Infectious Conditions Cervicitis Mastitis Salpingitis Vaginitis Toxic Shock Syndrome Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Human papilloma virus • Chlamydia • HIV/AIDS • Trichomoniasis • Syphilis • Gonorrhea • Herpes II

  30. Surgical Terms Surgical Terms Surgical Procedures Surgical Removal • Salpingotomy • -incision into one of the fallopian tubes • Tubal Ligation • -method of female sterilization • Cryosurgery • -using cold temperatures to destroy tissue • Cauterization • -using hot temperatures to destroy tissue • Conization • -removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix • Aspiration • -type of biopsy in which fluid is removed from the breast • Hysterectomy • -removal of the uterus • Myomectomy • -removal of fibroid tumors • Mastectomy • -removal of a breast

  31. Pharmacology Pharmacology Birth Control Agents Hormonal Agents • Birth control pills • Implants • Abortifacients • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) • Oxytocin Note: A tocolytic agent stops labor contractions

  32. Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following structures is responsible for releasing the mature ova during ovulation? A. uterus B. fallopian tubes C. ovaries Answer: C. ovaries

  33. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Apply Your Knowledge The uterus consists of three linings. Which lining is shed monthly during menstruation? A. endometrium B. perimetrium C. myometrium Answer: A. endometrium

  34. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Apply Your Knowledge Margaret is about to give birth to her third child. She has been pregnant four times. Which of the following would correctly describe her pregnancy history? A. gravida 3 para 4 B. gravida 3 para 3 C. gravida 4 para 3 Answer: C. gravida 4 para 3

  35. Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 Apply Your Knowledge The presence of the HCG hormone in the blood or urine would indicate which of the following conditions? A. cervical cancer B. pregnancy C. onset of menstruation Answer: B. pregnancy

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