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American Urban Frontier: Growth and Challenges by 1900

From 1860 to 1900, American cities expanded rapidly, with significant changes in lifestyle and immigration patterns. The urban environment attracted millions, leading to the formation of suburbs and the emergence of new infrastructure like electric trolleys. Immigration surged, with Europeans seeking opportunities in industrial jobs. Social tensions arose, culminating in nativist sentiments against immigrants. Meanwhile, churches played a role in helping immigrants adjust, and educational opportunities expanded. Notable figures like Jane Addams and Booker T. Washington left a lasting impact on society.

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American Urban Frontier: Growth and Challenges by 1900

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  1. Chapter 25-AP Notes 80 million by 1900-population in cities tripled-4/10 of Americans were city dwellers by 1900 Urban Frontier 1860 no cities w/ a million-by 1900 New York, Chicago, Philly Cities grew up & out (form follows function) Commuters emerged-suburbs to cities-Electric trolleys emerged & districts for business, industry, & home emerged-Separated by race, ethnicity, & social class Rural America could not compete-urban lifestyle-attractive & glamorous-electricity, plumbing, telephones, skyscrapers-seductive Sister Carrie New ways of living-problems?

  2. New Immigration • 1850s-1870s-more than 2 million came-By 1880s more than 5 million came • Most early immigrants came from W. & N. Europe-high literacy and accustomed to representative government-easy adjustment • 1880s more S. & E. Europeans came-Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles • Different religions-no representative governments, opportunities few, illiterate, poor-most sought industrial jobs • 19% of immigrants in 1880s-by 1900-1910 66% of the flow lived together • Many worried they would not or could not assimilate

  3. Southern Europe • Why did they leave? • 1.) Europe had no room, Population in Old World had grown • 2.) American food imports freed peasants-unemployed class-60 million left from 19th-20th century-More than half to U.S. • 3.) Immigration to U.S. was a by-product of urbanization in Europe • “American Fever”-highly contagious in Europe-Food, opportunity, no forced military service, & religious freedom • Industrialists & others from U.S. wanted immigrants-cheap labor, more human cargo, RR- land grants, states-more population • Many came because of violence of government-1880s Russians turned violent vs. Jews-came to New York-many had skills in urban areas & brought these skills to cities-most not given a good reception by Old Stock & German Jews

  4. 25% of 25 million who came from 1820-1900 returned to Europe • Those who did stay struggled to keep traditional culture • Parochial schools expanded, foreign newspapers, theatres, restaurants-children usually resisted old ways

  5. Reactions to Immigrants • Federal government did little to ease assimilation, state governments did less, city governments were inadequate-fell to “unofficial governments” • Big business to help immigrants-jobs for votes, housing, parks, schools, hospitals • Social conscience emerged-prodestant clergymen preached the social gospel-churches were beginning to take on the burning issues of the day • Sociology---an extension of Christianity? • Jane Addams-Hull House-What did it offer? • Lillian Wald • 1893-antisweatshop law in Illinois-Florence Kelley • City was the frontier for women-more than a million joined the workforce-most single-jobs depended on race, ethnicity, class

  6. Narrowing the Welcome Map • Nativism emerged again-1880s version-anti E. & S. Europe-high birthrate alarmed WASPs-mongrelized/mixture • Blamed immigrants for bringing down urban governments-trade unionists loved immigrants for work & filled them w/ social, communist, anarchists • American Protective Association (APA) 1887-pushed to not elect Catholics • Restrictive Law 1882-banned paupers, criminals, convicts-1885 prohibited foreign workers under contract-later insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics-1917-literacy test(Chinese Exclusion Act) • 1886 Statue of Liberty

  7. Churches Comfort • Churches had challenge of helping masses of immigrants • Prodestant churches lost members w/ move to city • Too much emphasis on wealth & prosperity(God caused righteous to prosper)-New revivalists-Dwight Moody-kindness & forgiveness • Catholic & Jewish faiths gaining members-Catholics increased lead to largest denomination(9 million) • 150 religious denominations (Salvation Army)(Christian Science)-Mary Baker Eddy-health thru prayer-YM YWCA Darwin • Charles Darwin, “On Origin of Species”-survival of fittest-began to refuse teachings of Bible • Modernists vs. Fundamentalists

  8. Lust for Learning • Public Education grew stronger-must have education! • More school and less child labor-high schools grew dramatically • Teacher training schools gained too-private schools gained as well • Chatauqua movement-Education for adults-lectures & home study • 1870-1900 illiteracy rate fell from 20%-11%

  9. Booker T. • South lagged behind, 44% nonwhites illiterate in 1900 • Booker T. headed Tuskegee in 1881-taught trades-self help-labeled accomodationist-he avoided social equality-gave into segregation for right to develop-Economic independence was key • WEB Dubois-labeled Washington an “Uncle Tom” for condemning race to manual labor & inferiority-PhD. At Harvard-demanded equality for blacks now! Help create the NAACP

  10. HALLS OF IVY • Colleges and Universities grew after the Civil War-open to men and women • 1900 1/4 of graduates were women-New Black Universities emerged (HBCs) • Morrill Act of 1862-passed after South seceded-land grant colleges(military training in return)-many state universities • Hatch Act of 1887-Federal $ for agricultural experiment stations • Private philanthropy to higher education “one who steals privately and gives publicly” • 1878-1898-$150 million given away • Specialized institutions grew as well

  11. March of the Mind • Push for new practical courses-medicine and science • Pasteur, Lister, James-Pragmatism Appeal of the Press • Books grew in appeal-public libraries emerged-Carnegie Libraries • By 1900-9,000 libraries • Newspapers grew as well-very sensationalistic-Pulitzer and Hearst

  12. Postwar Writing • It was really good!

  13. Booker T. Washington • South lagged behind-44% of nonwhites illiterate in 1990 • Headed Tuskegee in 1881-Taught trades-self help!-labeled accomodationist-Washington avoided social equality-gave into segregation for right to develop-Economic independence was key • GW Carver-peanut etc. • WEB Dubois labeled Washington an “Uncle Tom”-condemning race to manual labor & inferiority-PhD. At Harvard-demanded equality for blacks-helped found NAACP

  14. New Morality • Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love in 1871, ran for presidency in 1872 • Anthony Comstock-Comstock Law-federal statute • Late 19th century sexual attitudes and place and role of women began to change • Women became more independent & divorces increased, birth control and discussions of sexual topics emerged on a larger scale

  15. Quiz • What woman led a national anti lynching campaign and was the leader of the National Association of Colored Women? • What amendment outlawed alcohol? • Name one result of the women’s independence movement. • What was the first state to allow unlimited suffrage to women? • Who was the first woman to run for the presidency?

  16. Families and Women • Urban environment were hard on families-emotionally isolated-many families cracked under the strain-launched divorce • Urban life changed work habits & family size, men, women, and children worked-more children meant more mouths to feed and more crowding • Family size dropped, marriages delayed • Charlotte Perkins Gilman-Women and Economics-encouraged women to become independent and get involved in the economy-pushed women to work in nurseries and coop kitchens • Many continued to push for ballot-National Women’s Suffrage Association-new leaders CC Catt-needed power in the city to be in board rooms, public health and school boards • At turn of century women were increasingly allowed to vote in local elections(Wyoming unrestricted by 1869) • Most did not allow blacks to vote? • Ida B. Wells led an anti lynching campaign-NACW

  17. Prohibition • Corner saloon spurred temperance • Liquor consumption increased during Civil War-Old & new Immigrant groups attacked temperance claims-Middle Class attack on working class • National Prohibition Party-1869-Women’s Christian Temperance Union-Carrie Nation-hatchitations!-Anti Saloon League1893----1919-18th Amendment Art-Music-Architecture-Amusement

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