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Chapter 25-AP Notes

Chapter 25-AP Notes 80 million by 1900-population in cities tripled-4/10 of Americans were city dwellers by 1900 Urban Frontier 1860 no cities w/ a million-by 1900 New York, Chicago, Philly Cities grew up & out (form follows function)

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Chapter 25-AP Notes

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  1. Chapter 25-AP Notes 80 million by 1900-population in cities tripled-4/10 of Americans were city dwellers by 1900 Urban Frontier 1860 no cities w/ a million-by 1900 New York, Chicago, Philly Cities grew up & out (form follows function) Commuters emerged-suburbs to cities-Electric trolleys emerged & districts for business, industry, & home emerged-Separated by race, ethnicity, & social class Rural America could not compete-urban lifestyle-attractive & glamorous-electricity, plumbing, telephones, skyscrapers-seductive Sister Carrie New ways of living-problems?

  2. New Immigration • 1850s-1870s-more than 2 million came-By 1880s more than 5 million came • Most early immigrants came from W. & N. Europe-high literacy and accustomed to representative government-easy adjustment • 1880s more S. & E. Europeans came-Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles • Different religions-no representative governments, opportunities few, illiterate, poor-most sought industrial jobs • 19% of immigrants in 1880s-by 1900-1910 66% of the flow lived together • Many worried they would not or could not assimilate

  3. Southern Europe • Why did they leave? • 1.) Europe had no room, Population in Old World had grown • 2.) American food imports freed peasants-unemployed class-60 million left from 19th-20th century-More than half to U.S. • 3.) Immigration to U.S. was a by-product of urbanization in Europe • “American Fever”-highly contagious in Europe-Food, opportunity, no forced military service, & religious freedom • Industrialists & others from U.S. wanted immigrants-cheap labor, more human cargo, RR- land grants, states-more population • Many came because of violence of government-1880s Russians turned violent vs. Jews-came to New York-many had skills in urban areas & brought these skills to cities-most not given a good reception by Old Stock & German Jews

  4. 25% of 25 million who came from 1820-1900 returned to Europe • Those who did stay struggled to keep traditional culture • Parochial schools expanded, foreign newspapers, theatres, restaurants-children usually resisted old ways

  5. Reactions to Immigrants • Federal government did little to ease assimilation, state governments did less, city governments were inadequate-fell to “unofficial governments” • Big business to help immigrants-jobs for votes, housing, parks, schools, hospitals • Social conscience emerged-prodestant clergymen preached the social gospel-churches were beginning to take on the burning issues of the day • Sociology---an extension of Christianity? • Jane Addams-Hull House-What did it offer? • Lillian Wald • 1893-antisweatshop law in Illinois-Florence Kelley • City was the frontier for women-more than a million joined the workforce-most single-jobs depended on race, ethnicity, class

  6. Narrowing the Welcome Map • Nativism emerged again-1880s version-anti E. & S. Europe-high birthrate alarmed WASPs-mongrelized/mixture • Blamed immigrants for bringing down urban governments-trade unionists loved immigrants for work & filled them w/ social, communist, anarchists • American Protective Association (APA) 1887-pushed to not elect Catholics • Restrictive Law 1882-banned paupers, criminals, convicts-1885 prohibited foreign workers under contract-later insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics-1917-literacy test(Chinese Exclusion Act) • 1886 Statue of Liberty

  7. Churches Comfort • Churches had challenge of helping masses of immigrants • Prodestant churches lost members w/ move to city • Too much emphasis on wealth & prosperity(God caused righteous to prosper)-New revivalists-Dwight Moody-kindness & forgiveness • Catholic & Jewish faiths gaining members-Catholics increased lead to largest denomination(9 million) • 150 religious denominations (Salvation Army)(Christian Science)-Mary Baker Eddy-health thru prayer-YM YWCA Darwin • Charles Darwin, “On Origin of Species”-survival of fittest-began to refuse teachings of Bible • Modernists vs. Fundamentalists

  8. Lust for Learning • Public Education grew stronger-must have education! • More school and less child labor-high schools grew dramatically • Teacher training schools gained too-private schools gained as well • Chatauqua movement-Education for adults-lectures & home study • 1870-1900 illiteracy rate fell from 20%-11%

  9. Booker T. • South lagged behind, 44% nonwhites illiterate in 1900 • Booker T. headed Tuskegee in 1881-taught trades-self help-labeled accomodationist-he avoided social equality-gave into segregation for right to develop-Economic independence was key • WEB Dubois-labeled Washington an “Uncle Tom” for condemning race to manual labor & inferiority-PhD. At Harvard-demanded equality for blacks now! Help create the NAACP

  10. HALLS OF IVY • Colleges and Universities grew after the Civil War-open to men and women • 1900 1/4 of graduates were women-New Black Universities emerged (HBCs) • Morrill Act of 1862-passed after South seceded-land grant colleges(military training in return)-many state universities • Hatch Act of 1887-Federal $ for agricultural experiment stations • Private philanthropy to higher education “one who steals privately and gives publicly” • 1878-1898-$150 million given away • Specialized institutions grew as well

  11. March of the Mind • Push for new practical courses-medicine and science • Pasteur, Lister, James-Pragmatism Appeal of the Press • Books grew in appeal-public libraries emerged-Carnegie Libraries • By 1900-9,000 libraries • Newspapers grew as well-very sensationalistic-Pulitzer and Hearst

  12. Postwar Writing • It was really good!

  13. Booker T. Washington • South lagged behind-44% of nonwhites illiterate in 1990 • Headed Tuskegee in 1881-Taught trades-self help!-labeled accomodationist-Washington avoided social equality-gave into segregation for right to develop-Economic independence was key • GW Carver-peanut etc. • WEB Dubois labeled Washington an “Uncle Tom”-condemning race to manual labor & inferiority-PhD. At Harvard-demanded equality for blacks-helped found NAACP

  14. New Morality • Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love in 1871, ran for presidency in 1872 • Anthony Comstock-Comstock Law-federal statute • Late 19th century sexual attitudes and place and role of women began to change • Women became more independent & divorces increased, birth control and discussions of sexual topics emerged on a larger scale

  15. Quiz • What woman led a national anti lynching campaign and was the leader of the National Association of Colored Women? • What amendment outlawed alcohol? • Name one result of the women’s independence movement. • What was the first state to allow unlimited suffrage to women? • Who was the first woman to run for the presidency?

  16. Families and Women • Urban environment were hard on families-emotionally isolated-many families cracked under the strain-launched divorce • Urban life changed work habits & family size, men, women, and children worked-more children meant more mouths to feed and more crowding • Family size dropped, marriages delayed • Charlotte Perkins Gilman-Women and Economics-encouraged women to become independent and get involved in the economy-pushed women to work in nurseries and coop kitchens • Many continued to push for ballot-National Women’s Suffrage Association-new leaders CC Catt-needed power in the city to be in board rooms, public health and school boards • At turn of century women were increasingly allowed to vote in local elections(Wyoming unrestricted by 1869) • Most did not allow blacks to vote? • Ida B. Wells led an anti lynching campaign-NACW

  17. Prohibition • Corner saloon spurred temperance • Liquor consumption increased during Civil War-Old & new Immigrant groups attacked temperance claims-Middle Class attack on working class • National Prohibition Party-1869-Women’s Christian Temperance Union-Carrie Nation-hatchitations!-Anti Saloon League1893----1919-18th Amendment Art-Music-Architecture-Amusement

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