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Henry VII • Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York (daughter of Edward IV and sister to the two lost princes in the Tower) He defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He forged international relationships with the marriages of his children. He reign was challenged by Perkin Warbeck, an individual who claimed to be the younger of the two princes in the Tower (Richard). Eventually, after an uprising, Perkin was executed.
Henry VIII • Second son of Henry VII. After his elder brother, Arthur, died Henry became heir to the throne. He fell in love with his brother’s widow, Katharine of Aragon and married her against his father’s wishes. Later he tried to annul this marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Henry claimed that God punished him by denying him a legitimate male heir
Henry VIII (cont) When he wanted to marry the pregnant Anne Boleyn, Henry created the Church of England and banned the Catholic Church from his nation. He also seized all of the property of the Catholic Church thereby increasing the coffers of England
Katharine of Aragon • Katharine was the daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain. She was married to Arthur, Henry VII’s heir, but he died before the marriage was consummated. Later she married Henry VIII, but they only had one living child, Mary. Katharine’s later years were ones of persecution where Henry tried to make her sign annulment papers.
Anne Boleyn • Anne became Henry VIII’s second wife. But since his first, Katharine of Aragon was still living, many people, especially Catholics, felt that her child Elizabeth was simply illegitimate. When she failed to produce a male heir, Henry had her charged with treason and witchcraft and executed.
Edward VI • He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. He was sickly (probably consumption) and during his childhood England was under the rule of the regent the Duke of Somerset who was executed because of the poor state of affairs in England. He died of consumption at age 15.
Jane Grey • Jane Grey was the granddaughter of Henry VIII’s sister Mary (the Tudor Rose). Her father was the Duke of Suffolk and under the control of the powerful Northumberland. Northumberland wanted control of the throne so he married his luckless son Gilbert to the even more luckless Jane, and then he attempted a coup– trying to steal the throne from Mary (soon to be known as Bloody Mary). Jane ruled for 9 days. When Mary recaptured the throne she had Northumberland and Jane executed
Mary I (Bloody Mary) • Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon. During her late childhood, Mary was persecuted by Henry when he wanted to annul his marriage to her mother. As Queen she attempted to reinstate Catholicism, and she married the young Philip from Spain. Neither of these actions were popular with the now firmly entrenched Protestant England
Elizabeth I • The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became England’s greatest leader. Wily and cunning, she kept control of England by refusing to marry anyone and playing one noble against another– each one hoping to marry the Queen.
Elizabeth I (cont) • She kept the religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a patron of the arts, and brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada
Mary, Queen of Scots • Mary was the daughter of James V and destined to be the Queen of France. When Francis II died, she came back to be Queen of Scotland. The English Catholics believed that she was the only legitimate heir after Mary I’s death.
Mary, Queen of Scots • She tried to capture the English throne, but she was having enough trouble keeping the Scottish throne. She married Harry Darnly (next in line for the Scottish throne) who was a vicious Catholic. The Protestant faction of Scotland, led by John Knox, did not approve of Mary or her husband
Mary, Queen of Scots • After a silly plot to assassinate Elizabeth during Mary’s long captivity (not her first plot- Darnley was blown up by her lover, the Earl of Bothwell), Mary was found guilty of treason and beheaded. She smuggled notes handwritten BY HER about how Elizabeth needd to die to a man named Babington, who then showed the queen. She was not bright.
JAMES I • James I of England was James VI of Scotland. His mother was Mary Queen of Scots, and at Elizabeth I’s death, James was named her heir. Known for the authorization of the King James Version of the Bible, James seeming support of Protestants incited the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
Gunpowder Plot • Catholic sympathizers attempted to blow up Parliament and James I. The plot failed but it prompted a new wave of hatred toward Catholics – this happened on November 5th, 1605, and was led by Guy Fawkes. Now WHAT day am I supposed to remember…?
Charles I • Charles I struggled with Parliament and his twenty-four year reign was a battle to see where the real power in England would reside– with the monarchy or with Parliament. A four year Civil War ensued.
Civil War Charles I was supported by the High Church, the nobility and the peasants. His opponents were comprised of the middle class and merchants and the Puritans
Oliver Cromwell • Led the Puritan army which eventually won the Civil War. Charles I was tried and convicted (68-67 vote) by Parliament and was executed. Cromwell led a new government (the Protectorate 1653-1658).
Protectorate A repressive government didn’t suit the English. After Charles I’s death in 1649, a Council governed England, but the Council was made up of rigid Puritans. Cromwell became a virtual dictator for five years, but when he died his son Richard was too weak to hold the country together.
Charles II • Charles II reigned for 25 years. During his reign the Plague and the Great fire of London occurred.
James II • Was a younger son of Charles I and brother to Charles II. He was a fervent Catholic and tried to persecute Protestants. He would eventually be deposed by the “Glorious Revolution” led by William of Orange
Glorious Revolution James II was hated by the English populace and by Parliament. Parliament “invited” William of Orange (grandson of Charles I by a daughter and married to to James II’s daughter Mary) to lead a Protestant revolution in England.
William and Mary • Staunch Protestants, William and Mary became monarchs through the invitation of Parliament which wanted to depose James II. Jacobite plots were frequent during their reign. Mary died early (smallpox) and William died when he was thrown from a horse when the horse stepped in a mole hole.
Throughout the reigns of William and Mary and Anne, other descendants of James II claimed to be the “rightful king.” The Jacobites were the Scottish Highlanders who supported James, the Old Pretender and Charles, the Young Pretender) The Jacobites, ecstatic at the death of William, always toasted “the little gentleman in a velvet coat” (the mole who caused William’s horse to fall). Jacobites
Anne, the last Stuart sovereign • She was the younger sister of Mary and had given up immediate succession to her brother in law, William. Upon William’s death she became Queen. Although she had 17 children, none of them lived, so at her death the crown went to a descendant of one of the daughters of Charles I
