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Exploring the Essence of Science: Epistemology, Causality, and Rationality

Delve into the realms of epistemology, ontology, and causality while unraveling the coherence and objectivity of science. Understand how science coheres with society and nature, seeking essential truths. Dive into the rationality and positivism of scientific inquiry, balancing subjectivity and objectivity. Discover the productive force of science and its impact on modern societies, from aiding capital accumulation to advancing knowledge for societal betterment. Explore science as an institution, defining rules, expectations, and hierarchies within scientific communities. Unveil the power dynamics and bureaucratic structures that govern scientific activities. Contemplate the intersection of knowledge, power, and institutions in shaping scientific endeavors. Reflect on the age-old question: how do we know what we know? Explore ancient Greek concepts of knowledge - episteme, phronesis, and techne, to understand the foundations of truth, validity, and reliability in scientific inquiry. Delve into primary and secondary research methodologies, dissecting the processes that drive scientific discovery. Challenge conventional notions of science and embrace the complexity of questions that drive human curiosity.

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Exploring the Essence of Science: Epistemology, Causality, and Rationality

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  1. What is science? Epistemology, rationality, ontology, causality, coheres, correspondence, objectivity, essentialism, positivism, rationalism, subjectivity, hermeneutics, …

  2. “Science” Nobel price What is science?

  3. What is science? 2. More sciences Humanities Social sciences Medicine Technical sciences Natural sciences

  4. What is science? 3. Even more sciences Natural sciences - chemistry, biology, physic Social science - Law, economy, sociology Humanities - linguistic, literature, theology ...

  5. What is science? Conclusion: Science is subjects at the university

  6. What is science? Why do modern societies need science? “keep up with the Joneses” Aiding the accumulation of capital Legitimizes power Educating professional experts It creates new knowledge for the benefit of society Makes the world a better place Makes mankind better

  7. What is science? Conclusion: Science is a productive force (as is fields, men and machines)

  8. What is science? Science is what is going on in scientific institutions Institution: A system of rules, expectations and hypotheses, that govern peoples choice of activities concerning other people, things and actions

  9. What is science? Science as institution - People: Bureaucrats, secretaries, department managers, deans, … and a few researchers - Activities: Control, bureaucracy, book keeping, and some research and education - Rules expectations and hpoteses: Hierarchies, work rules, systems of merits (Ph.D., Doktor, students, assistant, associate and full professors)

  10. What is science? Who are the users? The people, those in power, bureaucrats, employees of the institutions, the state, the capital, business, … Production: Reports and candidates Conclusion: Institutions producing knowledge

  11. What is science? Science as: Subject at the university A productive force An institution (Are we ay wiser??)

  12. What is science? We did not get any wiser – I think We could ask – how is knowledge or how do we know? Some of the problems of knowing

  13. What is science? ”Compare knowing and saying: how many feet high Mont Blanc is- how the word “game” is used- how a clarinet sounds. If you are surprised that one can know something and not be able to say it, you are perhaps thinking of a case like the first. Certainly not of one like the third” (Wittgenstein, 1983, p. 36).

  14. What is science? Are there thing we can know that we cannot say? • Epistemology • Ontology

  15. What is science? Knowledge (In ancient Greece) Episteme Phronesis Techne

  16. What is science? Truth Validity Reliability

  17. What is science? Basic science Science Development

  18. Primary and secondary research Primary research (theoretic and empirical) Secondary research (overview over theories, results etc. from the primary research) What is science?

  19. What is science?

  20. What is science?

  21. What is science? The atomic bomb named "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima by the Enola Gay, a Boeing B-29 bomber, at 8:15 in the morning of August 6, 1945.

  22. What is science? Problematic: - defined on the basis of its use ( - not on the basis of the research activities) - based on statistic (a bookkeeping principle) - an excuse for the useless and un-interesting - do not account for the humanities and social sciences and the technical sciences

  23. Joseph Black (1728 - 99) What is science?

  24. James Watt (1736 1815) What is science?

  25. Thomas Newcomen's steam engine 1705 What is science?

  26. What is science? Conclusion: The questions are much more important than the answers How is science? Are your projects scientific?

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