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FALLACY = ‘ fallere ’ ( latin ) – to deceive

FALLACY = ‘ fallere ’ ( latin ) – to deceive. FALSE ARGUMENT THAT HAS THE APPEARANCE OF THE TRUTH. HAS 2 SIDES: SOPHISM & PARALOGIM. PARALOGISM : IGNORANCE ON CORRECT REASONING (IGNORANCE ON THE RULES) . SOPHISM : DECEPTION IS INTENTIONAL. INFORMAL FALLACIES . RELEVANCE WEAK INDUCTION

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FALLACY = ‘ fallere ’ ( latin ) – to deceive

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  1. FALLACY = ‘fallere’ (latin) – to deceive FALSE ARGUMENT THAT HAS THE APPEARANCE OF THE TRUTH HAS 2 SIDES: SOPHISM & PARALOGIM PARALOGISM: IGNORANCE ON CORRECT REASONING (IGNORANCE ON THE RULES) SOPHISM: DECEPTION IS INTENTIONAL

  2. INFORMAL FALLACIES • RELEVANCE • WEAK INDUCTION • PRESUMPTION • AMBIGUITY • GRAMMATICAL ANALOGY

  3. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE • premises that are logically irrelevant to the conclusion • premises are relevant psychologically, so the conclusion may seem to follow from the premises, even though it does not follow logically.

  4. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE • ACCIDENT • ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM • Abusive • Circumstantial • tuquoque (“you too”) • ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM • Direct • Indirect • Bandwagon • Vanity • Snobbery • ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM • ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM • STRAW MAN • IGNORATIO ELENCHI • RED HERRING • APPEAL TO ADVANTAGE

  5. FALLACY OF ACCIDENT

  6. GENERAL RULE: GENEROSITY IS GOOD SPECIFIC CASE: GENEROSITY ON EXAM ANSWERS

  7. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE • ACCIDENT • what is true as a general RULE/POLICYis also ASSUMED true in some special cases. • E.g. • All good soldiers should obey their superiors’ orders. Therefore, they should also obey the captain even if he is asking you to rape the nurse in duty... a male nurse! • One has to tell the truth always. Thus, if a murderer confesses his crime to a priest, it is but proper for the priest to reveal the truth to the authority.

  8. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM • Ad hominem abusive • Ad hominem circumstantial • Tuquoque

  9. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE 2. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM: ABUSIVE (Attack against Man) • Consists in attacking the person instead of proving or disproving the point at issue. • E.g. • Don’t believe him! He’s gay! • Are you going to agree with what that dirty pig is saying?

  10. AD HOMINEM: ABUSIVE

  11. Social Darwinists such as Herbert Spenser hold that the development and structure of human societies can be explained in terms of evolutionary principles such as the survival of the fittest. But I reject Social Darwinism because Spenser was a real bonehead.

  12. AD HOMINEM:CIRCUMSTANTIAL USING INDIRECT REFRENCES OR EVENTS THAT WILL AFFECT THE OPPONENT ATTENTION IS DIRECTED TO THE EVENTS AND NOT ON THE CHARACTER

  13. Of course, you’d argue that death penalty is a bad thing. You’re a pro-life! • Oh yeah, a man, and not a woman, for president sounds great! Look who’s proposing it: a male chauvinist!

  14. Salesman: This car gets better than average gas mileage and is one of the most reliable cars according to Consumer Reports. Will: I doubt it—you obviously just want to sell me that car.

  15. AD HOMINEM: TU QUOQUE (latin) IKAW DIN E! It attempts to defend oneself from criticism by turning the critique back against the accuser E BAT IKAW! YOU TOO! Diversionary tactic to put the accuser to defend himself against the accusation. second arguer attempts to make the first appear to be hypocritical or arguing in bad faith.

  16. Child to parent: Your argument that I should stop stealing candy from the corner store is no good. You told me yourself just a week ago that you, too, stole candy when you were a kid.

  17. Discipline Officer: Don’t Smoke! Student A: How about you? Whew, as if you don’t smoke!

  18. Mobilizing public sentiment instead of resorting to rational argument and concrete evidence. APPEAL TO PEOPLE

  19. ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM • Direct approach: • mob mentality/ exciting the emotions of the crowd • Indirect approach: • arguer aims his or her appeal not at the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately, focusing on some aspect of their relationship to the crowd. • BANDWAGON ARGUMENT • APPEAL TO VANITY • APPEAL TO SNOBBERY

  20. AD POPULUM: INDIRECT • BANDWAGON: • you will be left behind or left out of the group if you do not comply. • E.g. • Of course you want to buy Zest toothpaste. Why, 90 percent of America brushes with Zest.

  21. AD POPULUM: APPEAL TO VANITY The idea being that you too will be admired and pursued if you use/ do it.

  22. "An intelligent and discerning person like you naturally sees the force of my argument." • "I use Love Soap. I'm worth it, and so are you!"

  23. You should certainly be the one who washes the dishes -- you are just so good at it! • Salesguy: You should definitely buy this car.  You look so good in it -- you look at least ten years younger behind that wheel. • Tamera: I’ll take it!

  24. AD POPULUM: INDIRECT 3. APPEAL TO SNOBBERY • A Rolls Royce is not for everyone. If you qualify as one of the select few, this distinguished classic may be seen and driven at British Motor Cars, Ltd. (By appointment only, please.)

  25. Only La Sallians can wear green in this basketball tournament! • This company only hires graduates from UP, DLSU, Ateneo, and UST!

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