Chapter 1 Data Communications and NM Overview

1. Chapter 1Data CommunicationsandNM Overview

2. Outline • Analogy of telephone network • Data and telecommunication network • Distributed computing environment • Internet • Protocols and standards • IT management • Network and system management • Current status and future of network management

3. Telephone Network • Characteristics: • Reliable - does what is expected of it • Dependable - always there when you need it (remember 911?) • Good quality (connection) - hearing each other well • Reasons: • Good planning, design, and implementation • Good operation and management of network

4. Telephone Network Model

5. Operations Systems / NOC • Monitor telephone network parameters • S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc. • Real-time management of network • Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance system measures loss and S/N. Trunks not meeting QoS are removed before customer notices poor quality • Traffic measurement systems measure call blockage. Additional switch planned to keep the call blockage below acceptable level • Operations systems are distributed at central offices • Network management done centrally from Network Operations Center (NOC)

6. Data and Telecommunication Network

7. IBM SNA Architecture

8. DCE with LANDCE.. Distributed Computing Environment

9. LAN-WAN Network

10. Client/Server Model Request Response

11. Client/Server Examples

12. TCP/IP Based Networks • TCP/IP is a suite of protocols • Internet is based on TCP/IP • IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level • TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol and ensures end-to-end connection • UDP is connectionless transport protocol and provides datagram service • Internet e-mail and much of the network mgmt. messages are based on UDP/IP • ICMP part of TCP/IP suite

13. InternetConfiguration

14. Architecture, Protocols and Standards • Communication architecture • Modeling of communication systems, comprising • functional components and • operations interfaces between them • Communication protocols • Operational procedures • intra- and inter-modules • Communication standards • Agreement between manufacturers on protocols of communication equipment on • physical characteristics and • operational procedures

15. Communication Architecture

16. OSI Reference Model

17. OSI Layers and Services

18. PDU Communication Model PDU: Protocol Data Unit PCI: Protocol Control Information UD: User Data PDU = PCI + UD UDn = PDUn+1

19. Gateway DTE : Data Terminating Equipment T N D P

20. SNA, OSI, and Internet

21. Application Protocols

22. NM Case Histories

23. Common Network Problems • Loss of connectivity (Link, Node, Interface) • Duplicate IP address (Procedural) • Intermittent problems • Network configuration issues • Non-problems • Performance problems

24. Challenges of IT Managers • Reliability • Non-real time problems • Rapid technological advance • Managing client/server environment • Scalability • Troubleshooting tools and systems • Trouble prediction • Standardization of operations - NMS helps • Centralized management vs “sneaker-net” Please refer to Sec. 1.7 for more details

25. Network Management (NM) • Definition • OAM&P of Network and Services • OAM&P: Operations, Administration, maintenance, and Provisioning) • Goal • To ensure that the users of a network receive the IT services with the quality of service (QoS) that they expect.

26. Top-down View of NM functions

27. TT Trouble Ticket NM Functional Flow Chart NOC: Network Operation Center I&M: Installation & Maintenance

28. 網管五大管理功能領域 • 管理功能領域 (Management Functional Areas, MFAs) • 障礙管理 (Fault Management) • 組態管理 (Configuration Management) • 安全管理 (Security Management) • 效能管理 (Performance Management) • 計量管理 (Accounting Management) ITU-T X.700

29. 障礙管理 (Fault Management) • Fault Management (FM) • Detection of a problem, fault isolation and correction to normal operation. • FM involves the following steps: • Discover the problem. • Isolate the problem • Fix the problem (if possible) • Use of Trouble-Ticket Systems

30. 障礙管理之功能 • Maintain and examine error logs • Accept and act upon error detection notifications • Trace and identify faults • Carry out sequences of diagnostic tests • Correct faults

31. FDDI .... .... .... PC PC PC UNIX UNIX UNIX 障礙管理實例 User DNS ... RMON Device Firewall / Router ... Internet WWW Server Mail Server

32. FM例子：障礙存錄

33. 組態管理 (Configuration Management) • Configuration Management (CM) • The process of finding and setting up (configuring) network devices. • CM identifies, exercises control over, collects data from, and provides data to networked systems.

34. 組態管理之功能 • Set the parameters that control the routine operation of the networked system. • Associate names with managed objects and sets of managed objects. • Initialize and close down managed objects. • Collect information on demand about the current condition of the networked system. • Obtain announcements of significant changes in the condition of the networked system. • Change the configuration of the networked system.

35. CM 例子: Auto Discovery

36. CM 實例: 中華電信(CHTNet)

37. 安全管理 (Security Management) • Security Management (SM) • The process of controlling access to information on the networked system. • 安全管理之功能 • The creation, deletion, and control of security services and mechanisms. • The distribution of security-relevant information. • The reporting of security-relevant events.

38. 效能管理 (Performance Management) • Performance Management (PM) • Measuring the performance of network hardware, software, and media. • 幾個量測例子： • Overall throughput • Percentage utilization • Error rate • Response time

39. 效能管理之功能 • Gather statistical information. • Maintain and examine logs of system state histories. • Determine system performance under natural and artificial conditions. • Alter system modes of operation for the purpose of conducting PM activities.

40. PM例子|網路訊務量監測

41. 計量管理 (Accounting Management) • Accounting Management (AM) • Tracking each individual and group user's utilization of network resources to better ensure that users have sufficient resources. • AM enables charges to be established for the use of network resources, and the costs to be identified for the use of those network resources.

42. 計量管理之功能 • Inform users of costs incurred or resources consumed. • Enable accounting limits to be set and tariff schedules to be associated with the use of resources. • Enable costs to be combined where multiple resources are invoked to achieve a given communication objective.

43. NM Components

44. Interoperability

45. Interoperability (cont.) Services & Protocols

46. Network Management Model Management Station Network Element Management Operation R MA MO Response Event Manager Agent Communication Protocols Communication Protocols Network Legend： MA: Manager Applications MO: Managed Objects R: Real Resource

47. 網路管理構成元素 • 管理者 (Manager) • 代理者 (Agent) • 網路管理通信協定 (Network Management Protocol) • 網路管理資訊 (Network Management Information)

48. 網路管理角色 • 管理者 (Manager) • 執行各項用來監督(Monitor)及控制(Control)網路設備的網管應用程式 • 代理者 (Agent) • 位於網路設備端，負責接受從管理者端送來之要求，執行所付予之工作，並將結果回報給管理者。

49. 網路管理協定 • 網路管理協定專為管理者與代理者所設計之通信協定。 • 網路管理協定提供管理者與代理者間交換網管資訊標準方式。 • 目前主要兩種網管通信協定 • Internet網管通信協定： • SNMP (Simple Network Management) • OSI網管通信協定： • CMIS/P (Common Management Information Service / Protocol)

50. 網路管理資訊 • 被管物件(Managed Object, MO) • 將待管之網路資源，抽象化為物件，稱被管物件，簡寫MO。 • 被管物件所代表之網路資源可大可小，大可至代表整個網路設備如ATM交換器，小可至代表某一網路元件之參數，如介面卡之狀態。 • 管理資訊庫 (Management Information Base) • 被管物件之集合，簡寫MIB。