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STAAR Facts

STAAR Facts. 2013 Social Studies. COLONIAL ERA. Northern (New England) Colonies Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine Cold climate, rocky soil Plymouth, Massachusetts founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious tolerance. COLONIAL ERA.

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STAAR Facts

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  1. STAAR Facts 2013 Social Studies

  2. COLONIAL ERA • Northern (New England) Colonies • Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine • Cold climate, rocky soil • Plymouth, Massachusetts founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious tolerance

  3. COLONIAL ERA • Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware) • Fertile soil, milder climate, ideas of tolerance & quality • Pennsylvania founded in 1680 by William Penn

  4. COLONIAL ERA • Southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia) • Warm climate, pleasant soil, farming and agriculture • Jamestown, VA founded in 1607 • Georgia founded in 1733 as debtor’s colony

  5. COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS • Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims pledged to obey law of colony • House of Burgesses: 1st representative government in colonies, Virginia 1619

  6. COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: 1st written constitution in America • Representative Government: Citizens elect representatives

  7. FRENCH & INDIAN WAR • 1754-1763 • George Washington gained prominence • England had more land to control • War costs plunged England into debt

  8. FRENCH & INDIAN WAR • Proclamation of 1763: colonists could not settle beyond Appalachian Mountains • Treaty of Paris of 1763: ended French & Indian War; kicked French out of North America

  9. REVOLUTIONARY ERA George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. 1st President of the U.S. His farewell address warned against foreign alliances & political parties.

  10. REVOLUTIONARY ERA Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence 3rd President of the U.S.

  11. REVOLUTIONARY ERA Benjamin Franklin: • Publisher & inventor • Respected statesman who guided colonies toward independence • Convinced France to support America during Revolution

  12. REVOLUTIONARY ERA • Samuel Adams: Patriot, member of the Sons of Liberty, organized Committees of Correspondence • Patrick Henry: Patriot, “Give me liberty or give me death!”

  13. REVOLUTIONARY ERA • Thomas Paine: Author of Common Sense; convinced colonists to support the revolution against Britain • King George III: Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolution

  14. REVOLUTIONARY ERA • Abigail Adams: Wife of John Adams, famous for letters about women’s rights, “Remember the ladies” • Mercy Otis Warren: Writer who wrote plays, poems, and essays for independence from Britain

  15. REVOLUTIONARY ERA • James Armistead: slave who enlisted as a Patriot spy; Marquis de Lafayette helped him earn his freedom • Crispus Attucks: former slave, 1st civilian shot at Boston massacre

  16. REVOLUTIONARY ERA • John Paul Jones: American Revolution naval hero • Haym Solomon: helped finance the Revolutionary War • Wentworth Cheswell: town leader, interested in the betterment of America

  17. REVOLUTIONARY ERA • Marquis de Lafayette: French officer who helped train American soldiers to fight against British; secured the help of France during the war • Bernardo de Galvez: governor of Louisiana territory, helped U.S. buy Spanish weapons, gunpowder, and supplies

  18. CAUSES OF REVOLUTION • Proclamation of 1763 • Colonies taxed to pay for French & Indian War • “No taxation without representation!” • Tax acts, including Stamp, Sugar, and Tea • Boston Massacre • Intolerable Acts

  19. AMERICAN REVOLUTION • Lexington & Concord: 1st battle; “shot heard ‘round the world” • Battle of Saratoga: turning point; French entered war as allies to Patriots • Battle of Yorktown: British defeat that ended war • Treaty of Paris 1783: British recognized American independence

  20. REVOLUTION ERA VOCAB • Tariff: tax on imports & exports • Mercantilism: nation’s power depended on its wealth; “more money, more power” • Grievance: wrongdoing by England & King George • Tyranny: cruel & unjust government

  21. REVOLUTIONARY ERA VOCAB • Loyalists: Americans who supported Great Britain • Patriots: Americans who favored independence from Britain • Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson, lists grievances against King George lll • Unalienable rights: rights that cannot be taken away

  22. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • 1st Constitution (1781) • 1st form of government established by the 13 states • Replaced by the U.S. Constitution because it had a weak central government (no court system, no power to tax, no executive branch)

  23. Influences of U.S. CONSTITUTION Magna Carta1215: limited the king’s powers; provided trial by jury English Bill of Rights 1687: cruel & unusual punishment forbidden, right to bear arms Declaration of Independence 1776:Unalienable rights of life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

  24. U.S. CONSTITUTION FACTS • 1787: delegates from 13 states drafted the Constitution in Philadelphia, PA • Delegates included: John Adams, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton who authored the Constitution

  25. U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB • Preamble: introduction of the Constitution that states its purpose • Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established orderly expansion of western territory & way for states to join Union • Ratify: to approve

  26. U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB Federalist Papers: 1787-1788- Essays written to encourage ratification of the Constitution. Authors included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

  27. CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES Great Compromise: Determined state representation in U.S. Congress: All states get 2 votes in Senate; number of seats in the House of Representatives depends on the state population. • Virginia and New Jersey Plans

  28. CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES Three-Fifths Compromise: Slavery • Each slave counts as 3/5ths a person for taxation and representation

  29. U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES • Separation of Powers: divides powers of government into 3 branches – Legislative, Executive and Judicial • Federalism: Power is shared between states & national government • Republicanism: people vote to elect representatives to run government

  30. U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES • Individual Rights: basic liberties of all citizens guaranteed by Bill of Rights • Checks & Balances: no branch of government becomes too powerful • Limited Government: “No one is above the law” • Popular Sovereignty: People hold supreme power • Democracy: government that gives power to the people

  31. BILL OF RIGHTS • 1ST 10 amendments of the Constitution • Protects individual rights & liberties • Bill of Rights was necessary for some states to ratify the Constitution

  32. COURT CASES • Marbury v. Madison (1803): established judicial review. The Supreme Court has the authority to decide whether a law is constitutional • McCullough v. Maryland: federal government overrides state governments

  33. COURT CASES • Dred Scott v. Sanford: Scott, a slave, was considered property, not a citizen, and was not granted freedom • Gibbons v. Ogden: regulated interstate commerce, or trade between states

  34. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Era of change from household industries to factory production using machines. Inventions include Cotton Gin, Steamboat • Urbanization: population moves from farms to cities • Protective Tariff: tax on goods from another country to promote American economy

  35. CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812 • Impressment of sailors • Britain interfered with U.S. trade • British attacked American ships • British encouraged Indians to attack Americans on the frontier

  36. WAR OF 1812 • British attack and set fire to Washington D.C. • Francis Scott Key writes The Star-Spangled Banner while watching battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore • Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans

  37. WAR OF 1812 OUTCOME The MONROE DOCTRINE states the U.S. will not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas but will fight any new ones.

  38. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Andrew Jackson was “Peoples’ President,” beginning of Democratic Party. He favored states’ rights and opposed a strong central government.

  39. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Indian Removal Act: policy that removed Cherokee from eastern homeland • Trail of Tears: forced removal of Cherokee from homes to resettle in Oklahoma • Bank of U.S. forced to close; government funds withdrawn

  40. WESTWARD EXPANSION Manifest Destiny: belief that the U.S. should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans; land acquisition through the 1860s Texas (1845), Mexican Cession (1848), Utah Territory (1850), Gadsden Purchase (1853), Oregon Territory (1859)

  41. WESTWARD EXPANSION • Railroads encouraged settlement in the west and created thousands of jobs • Sectionalism: strong sense of loyalty to a state or section • Mormons: religious group that moved west and settle in Utah to escape religious persecution.

  42. STATES’ RIGHTS Belief in local government close to the people; each state should be able to decide issues for themselves • Plantation System: economic system where slaves provided labor necessary to plan & harvest cash crops • Nullification: idea that a state can declare a federal law illegal

  43. NULLIFICATION CRISIS Argument between South Carolina & federal government over role of national government • SC opposed high tariff started by federal govt. • SC claimed states had right to reject any law that was to state’s disadvantage • Federal govt. threatened to send in military • Henry Clay helped reach compromise

  44. MISSOURI COMPROMISE • Maine enters U.S. as a free state; Missouri enters as a slave state • 36/30 latitude line divided free and slave territories

  45. COMPROMISE OF 1850 • California admitted as a free state • Mexican Cession lands would decide slavery issue with popular sovereignty • Border set between Mexico & Texas • Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

  46. REFORMERS: Abolitionists • Harriet Tubman: conductor on the Underground Railroad • Frederick Douglas: influential speaker and writer • Sojourner Truth: spoke about her experiences as a slave

  47. REFORMERS: Women’s Suffrage • Suffrage: women’s right to vote • Elizabeth Cady Stanton: worked for women’s rights; wrote Declaration of Sentiments • Susan B. Anthony: campaigned for women’s suffrage

  48. REFORMERS • Temperance: campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol • Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey government law as a means of resistance

  49. CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION • Civil War: War between the North & South from 1861-1865 • North: President Abraham Lincoln, General Ulysses S. Grant • South: President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee

  50. CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION Causes included: • Sectionalism • Differences over slavery and states’ rights • Manufacturing vs. agricultural economies • Anti-slavery sentiment in North • Lincoln elected President in 1860

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