The East German government suddenly banned all travel to West Berlin on August 13, 1961

1. The East German government suddenly banned all travel to West Berlin on August 13, 1961

2. Building the Berlin Wall, 13 August 1961

3. JFK visits West Berlin in June 1963 with Konrad Adenauer and Mayor Willy Brandt (SPD)

4. West Berliners gather at the Wall, 13 August 1962

5. The Brandenburg Gate with guard tower (1974):At least 136 people were killed attempting to cross the Wall

6. Brandt came to power not because he defeated the CDU in the election of 1969, but because Walter Scheel and the FDP changed their coalition policy

7. Chancellor Willy Brandt honors the dead of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 7 December 1970

8. Willy Brandt welcomes Leonid Brezhnev & Andrei Gromyko to Bonn in 1973

9. Leonid Brezhnev (ruled 1964-82) rejected domestic reforms, imposed the “Brezhnev Doctrine,” sought détente with the Nixon Administration.

10. French Indochina included Laos and Cambodia;it was partitioned in 1954

11. The siege of Dienbienphu began in March 1954, and the fortress was overrun on May 6.The French Union lost 4,000 men killed and 11,000 captured(of whom 8,000 died in captivity)

12. French volunteers parachute into the doomed fortress of Dienbienphu in 1954

13. Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) surrendered some land in 1954 to gain recognition as President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

14. OVERVIEW OF THE VIETNAM WAR • 1959-63: President Diem loses popular support in the South; U.S. encourages a military coup • August 1964: Tonkin Gulf Resolution • March 1965: LBJ orders massive U.S. military build-up in the South and bombing of the North • 1968: Bloody Tet Offensive persuades LBJ not to run for reelection and to seek peace talks instead • 1969: Nixon adopts a policy of “Vietnamization” and gradually reduces U.S. troop strength • January 1973: Paris Peace Accord leads to withdrawal of all U.S. troops • April 30, 1975: Saigon falls to the North Vietnamese

15. Self-immolation by a Buddhist monk in South Vietnam, 1963

16. The corpse of President Ngo Dinh Diem on November 2, 1963 He sought to flee Saigon disguised as a Catholic priest

17. Lyndon Johnson takes the oath of office as Presidentaboard Air Force One, November 22, 1963

18. May 1961: JFK sends 100 special forces troops;March 1965: LBJ deploys 3,500 Marine volunteers;Dec 1965: 200,000 troops;1967/68: 500,000 troops (38% draftees)

19. THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION, August 4, 1964(repealed January 1971) • “Whereas naval units of the Communist regime in Vietnam… have deliberately and repeatedly attacked United States vessels lawfully present in international waters, … the Congress approves and supports the determination by the President to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack, … and to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member state of the Southeast Asia Defense Treaty….” • There was only one attack, on a U.S. destroyer that was probably in North Vietnamese territorial waters.

20. U.S. soldiers in the jungle near Dak To Their Vietcong adversaries

21. The Ho Chi Minh Trail

22. Operation Cedar Falls, a “search and destroy” mission in the Iron Triangle north of Saigon, January 1967

23. The Huey helicopter in action

24. The Vietcong response to Operation Cedar Falls

25. TWO PICTURES THAT SHOCKED THE U.S. PUBLIC IN 1968 The national police chief of South Vietnam shoots a Vietcong officer

26. Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho won the Nobel Peace Prize for concluding a peace treaty in Paris in January 1973,but South Vietnam only survived two years without the U.S. Army CIA personnel evacuate Saigon on April 29, 1975

27. A soldier for the pro-Western Cambodian General Lon Nol is wounded fighting the Khmer Rouge in April 1975 Armed by the Chinese, the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in May 1975 and launched a reign of terror until Vietnam invaded in 1979