CHAPTER 8 REGIONAL SOCIETIES

1. CHAPTER 8 REGIONAL SOCIETIES Section 1: The North and the Midwest Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Section 3: The Slave System

2. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Objectives: • What were the differences between the lifestyles of wealthy, poor, and middle-class families? • What innovations transformed industrial and farm production and domestic life in the early 1800s? • What were the major issues concerning trade unions, and what actions did unions take in the early to mid-1800s? • What groups immigrated to the United States in the mid-1800s, and how did some Americans respond to this immigration? • How did life in the Midwest change in the early 1800s?

3. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Wealthy families • headed by bankers, manufacturers, and merchants • lavish homes; often concerned about social status

4. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Middle-class families • headed by lawyers, artisans, ministers, and shopkeepers • modest homes; emphasized education

5. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Poor families • small apartments, attics, or cellars • high levels of crime and disease

6. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Innovations • The factory system allowed all aspects of manufacturing to take place under one roof. • Power looms enabled factory production of cloth. • Lighter, stronger plows required less strength to operate. • The mechanical reaper allowed greater harvests in less time. • Sewing machines saved labor in the home.

7. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Issues of trade unions • rising working hours • increased production demands • child labor • poverty of workers • safety standards

8. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Actions of unions • went on strike • organized political associations • pushed for reforms

9. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Immigrants in the mid-1800s • many Irish • many Germans • many Roman Catholics

10. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Nativist response • favoritism toward native-born • desire to restrict immigrants’ voting and political rights • creation of nativist organizations • anti-Catholic riots • violence against the foreign-born

11. Section 1: The North and the Midwest Life in the Midwest • increased demand for crops • increasing crop specialization • new agricultural technology • shift from home-produced goods to store-bought goods

12. Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Objectives: • What were the major elements of the southern economy? • How did planters differ from yeoman farmers and poor white farmers? • What cultural traits did white southerners of different classes share? • What was life like for most free African Americans in the South?

13. Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Elements of the southern economy • high-demand agricultural goods such as cotton, corn, and tobacco • slave labor • manufacturing of bricks, textiles, and tobacco products • good ports • few factory workers • insufficient taxes to pay for improvements • little purchasing power in the hands of the majority

14. Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Planters • large, sometimes elaborate houses • 20 or more slaves

15. Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Yeoman farmers • in the majority • small, modest homes • grew own food

16. Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Poor whites • lived on unproductive land • struggled to provide for themselves

17. Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Cultural traits of white southerners • diet included corn, pork, and coffee • similar housing • music, stories, arts and crafts influenced by British and African heritage • common religion interpreted to support slavery

18. Section 2: The Cotton Kingdom Life for free African Americans • usually required to register with local authorities • required to carry identification passes • not allowed to vote • not allowed to hold meetings • not allowed to bear weapons • not allowed to testify in court against whites

19. Section 3: The Slave System Objectives: • How did critics and supporters of slavery explain their positions? • What were the living conditions of enslaved African Americans like? • What was the cultural life of slaves like? • What types of resistance did slaves practice?

20. Section 3: The Slave System Arguments against slavery • contradicted the values of freedom and liberty • less profitable than basing economy on wage labor

21. Section 3: The Slave System Arguments for slavery • only way to provide an adequate supply of labor • slaves provided with adequate food and clothing • slaves cared for in old age

22. Section 3: The Slave System Living conditions of slaves • poor housing • limited food • violent punishments • threats of being sold • families divided

23. Section 3: The Slave System Cultural life of slaves • struggle to maintain family ties • not allowed to learn to read, so became skilled storytellers • animal tales used to veil discussion of owners • African heritage reflected in rhythms and communal singing in music • woodcarvings, pottery, woven baskets as folk art • religion a blend of Christian elements and traditional African beliefs

24. Section 3: The Slave System Resistance of slaves • revolts • work shutdowns and slowdowns • running away