Ch. 8 Diverse Societies in Africa

1. Ch. 8 Diverse Societies in Africa

2. Ch. 8 section 1 Objectives: • 1. Identify the different geographic regions of Africa • 2. Explain how early Africans adapted to their environments • 3. Summarize the achievements of early West

3. Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments • Nomadic Lifestyle • •hunter-gatherers/herders Transition to a Settled Lifestyle • •Agriculture develops- 6000 B.C. • • permanent settlement, governments to develop, with a village chief or council

4. Early Societies in Africa • Societies Organized by Family Groups • •Extended families and clans • Local Religions • • Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in spirits • Keeping a History • •Few African societies have written languages • •History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots • • Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive

5. West African Iron Age • Learning About the Past • •Artifacts • Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture—made smelted iron tools, weapons, and excelled at farming • Djenné-Djeno • From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases • Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977 • Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes

6. Achievements of Djenne-Djenno-1400 C.E. • *50,000 residents • Mud Brick homes -Fished, cultivated rice, herded cattle -Traded goods for copper, gold and salt

7. Section 2-The Kingdom of Aksum • Objectives: • 1. Explain how maritime trade led to Aksum’s growth • 2. Give examples of Aksum’s achievements • 3. Explain the effects of the Muslim invasion of Aksum

8. The Rise… • Aksum’s Geography • •Horn of Africa-Ethiopia and Eritrea • • surrounded by bodies of water

10. The Rise…cont. • Aksum Controls International Trade through water and caravan routes • Adulis-main port city • Leadership-King Ezana,strongruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to360 • conquers part of Arabian peninsula

11. International Culture… • Aksum Culture • •Blends -Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian • •Greek-language • Written language: Ge’ez • Aksumite Religion • •Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended from him • • animist • Ezana declares Christianity official religion

12. International Culture… • AksumiteInnovations • Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals and dams • Aksumites invent terrace farming

14. The Fall… • Islam-introduced by invaders • Attack Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline • Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power

15. Section 3 • Objectives: • 1.Summarize the causes and effects of Human Migration • 2.Describe the Bantu migrations into the southern half of Africa

16. Migration of Bantu-speaking Peoples • Causes of Migration • Push-pull factors • Effects of Migration • Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life in the new land • Tracing Migration Through Language

17. Bantu -speaking Peoples • Migration Begins • Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding • Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment

19. Causes of Migration • to find farmland, flee growing Sahara • Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests • Effects of the Migration • Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others • Language helps unify the continent