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Nervous System

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivk_irrH1WY. Nervous System . By: Katelyn Jensen, Samantha Sims, and Andrew Durham. https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTMBLW0BAdjdy4swEemHjh9yxK6KJ2pURlW2gcW8Mwk_meC0d4I. Function.

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Nervous System

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  1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivk_irrH1WY Nervous System By: Katelyn Jensen, Samantha Sims, and Andrew Durham https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTMBLW0BAdjdy4swEemHjh9yxK6KJ2pURlW2gcW8Mwk_meC0d4I

  2. Function • The Nervous System controls all of your body's actions and reactions. Without it you wouldn't exist!  http://zivotni-energie.cz/autonomni-nervovy-system-subtilni-energeticke-kanaly.htmlhttp://zivotni-energie.cz/autonnervovy-system-subtilni-energeticke-kanaly.htmlomni-

  3. Divisions • Central Nervous System (CNS)- Nerves found in the brain and spinal cord. • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Nerves that communicate signals to the rest of the body. It has both cranial and spinal nerves.

  4. Anatomy of a Neuron • Cell Body- Contains Nucleus and Organelles • Dendrites-Cell extensions that receive information • Axons-Transmit messages to other cells • Myelin Sheath- Cover axons to speed up signal transfer. Dendrites Cell Body Myelin Sheath Axons

  5. Connecting Points • Synapse- The junction between two neurons, a neuron and a muscle fiber, or a neuron and a gland. • Synaptic Terminals- extensions at the end of the axons that release ions. • Neurotransmitters- Chemical messages released from vesicles by the synaptic terminals • Receptors- Proteins that the neurotransmitters bind to and receive signals from. Synaptic Terminal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSkxlpNs3tU

  6. Grouping Together • Nerves- Bundles of Neurons. • Can be all sensory, all motor, or a mixture of both. • Can be afferent (sending signals to the CNS) or efferent (sending signals from the CNS) • Central Nervous System (CNS)- Nerves found in the brain and spinal cord. • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Nerves that communicate signals to the rest of the body. It has both cranial and spinal nerves.

  7. What Lets it Work • Membrane Potential-Difference in electrical charge across a cell membrane. • Resting Potential- Membrane potential when no signal is being transmitted • Formed because of higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell (positive) and higher concentration of K+ inside the cell (negative). • Nerve Impulses (Action •  Potential)- Caused by a •  significant change in • membrane potential.

  8. Membrane Potential Threashold Potential (Beginning of signal-no going back) All or Nothing Principle • Action Potential Action Potential Explanation Refratory Period (No signals can be sent) • Resting Potential

  9. Responses • A reflex is an automatic nerve circuit in response to a stimulus • Stimuli are detected by a receptor and conveyed through a sensory neuron to an interneuron in the spinal cord. • This then synapses with a motor neuron, causing the muscle cell  to contract. Action Potential Explanation

  10. The Brain

  11. The Brain • Part of the Central Nervous System • Found in the Cranial Cavity • Helps interpret nerve signals to control the bady's actions.

  12. Meninges • The membranes aroung the CNS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meninges-en.svg

  13. Cerebral Cortex- The outermost layer of nervous tissue in the brain

  14. The highly folded outer layer of the brain. It is the largest part. Cerebrum: Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Left Hemisphere Right  Hemisphere http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum

  15. Frontal Lobe- Site for personality and speech. • Parietal Lobe- Sensory Input (temperature,pressure, touch, muscle control, etc). Also interprets language. • Temporal Lobe- Center for hearing, smell, and language input. • Occipital Lobe- Primary area for vision.

  16. Cerebellum • Located below and behind the cerebrum • Highly Folded • Coordinates muscle action • Responsible for posture • Receives impulses from muscles, tendons, joints, eyes,ears, and other brain centers. http://www.intropsych.com/ch02_human_nervous_system/cerebellum.html

  17. Diencephalon • Located between the cerebrum and brain stem • Thalamus: Receives incoming sensory signals • Hypothalamus- Helps maintain homeostasis. Hormone production • Both affect memory, emotion, and motivation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Diencephalon.gif Left Thalamus Right Thalamus Hypothalamus http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_diencephalon_.jpg

  18. Midbrain- Visual and Auditory Signals • Pons-Communications between cerebral hemispheres and cerebrum • Medulla- Control center for heart rate, respiration rate, etc Brain Stem http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/06/the-hopes-brain-tutorial-text-version/#brainstem

  19. Spinal Cord • A column of nervous tissue  • It has an outer sheath of white matter and a rigid inner core of grey matter  • It's purpose is to transmit signals between the brain and organs of the body http://pt851.wikidot.com/spinal-cord-injury-cell-biology

  20. System Parts • Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through central canal in the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain -This gives cells nutrients while taking away waste -It is also a cushion for the brain and spinal cord • Gray Matter consists of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

  21. White matter is a set of neurons that have a white color because of myelin sheaths about axons • Glia (aka neuroglia cells) are cells that support neurons. Three important types are: -Astrocytes which provide support for neurons -Oligodendrocytes which form myelin sheaths in the CNS -Schwann cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS

  22. Peripheral Nervous System • The PNS consists of two main systems: • Motor (somatic) nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscles (voluntary system) • Autonomic nervous system regulates the primarily automatic and visceral functions of smooth and cardiac muscles. It is the fight or flight response (involuntary system)

  23. Cranial Nerves  • Attach to the brain and provide sensory input and motor control; arranged symmetrically; 12 on each side of the brain • Olfactory nerve- sensory input, carries impulses for smell to the brain • Optic nerve- sensory input, carries impulses for vision • Oculomotor nerve- conducts motor impulses to 4 of 6 muscles of the eye • Trochlear nerve- conducts motor impulses to control superior oblique muscle of the eyeball 

  24. Cranial Nerves cont... • Trigeminal nerve- sensory & motor fibers, provides sensory input from face, nose, mouth, & forehead • Abducens nerve- conducts motor impulses to the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball  • Facial nerve- sensory & motor fibers control muscles of the face and scalp • Vestibulocochlear nerve- sensory input for hearing and equilibrium • Glossopharyngeal nerve- sensory and motor fibers provide general sense of taste  

  25. Cranial Nerves cont cont... • Vagus nerve- sensory and motor fibers and is the longest of the cranial nerves.The fibers innervate platal and pharyngeal muscles and branch to the heart,lungs,stomach,and intestines. • Accessory nerve- movement of head and shoulders • Hypoglossal nerve- controls muscles of the tongue   

  26. http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain_spinal_cord_and_nerve_disorders/cranial_nerve_disorders/overview_of_the_cranial_nerves.htmlhttp://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain_spinal_cord_and_nerve_disorders/cranial_nerve_disorders/overview_of_the_cranial_nerves.html

  27. Spinal Nerves  • 31 pairs of nerves distributed along the length of the spinal cord. They send impulses to the brain.  • Dorsal/Sensory root- composed of afferent fibers carrying impulses to the cord • Ventral root- contains motor fibers carrying efferent impulses to muscles and organs  • Cervical Spinal nerves- 8 pairs  • Thoracic Spinal nerves- 12 pairs • Lumbar Spinal nerves- 5 pairs • Sacral Spinal nerves- 5 pairs • Coccygeal Spinal nerves- 1 pair 

  28. http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/api%20notes%20m%20%20peripheral%20nerves.htm http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/api%20notes%20m%20%20peripheral%20nerves.htm 

  29. Autonomic Nervous System • Transmits signals which regulate the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles in the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, excretory, and endocrine systems • Involuntary • The divisions of it are: -Sympathetic Division -Parasympathetic Division

  30. Sympathetic Division • Causes the heart to beat faster and adrenaline to be secreted when activated • "Flight or fight response" http://www.packgraphics.com/

  31. Parasympatic Division • Slows the heartbeat and digestion when activated

  32. http://www.swimmingscience.net/2010/03/stress-and-anxiety.htmlhttp://www.swimmingscience.net/2010/03/stress-and-anxiety.html

  33. Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Spinal Cord: Nerve bundle that communicates with the body Motor/Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control over muscles Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary control over organs Brain Sympathetic Division: Fight or Flight Parasympathetic Division: Rest and Digest

  34.          Alzheimers Disease                   • progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that is characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. • Starts slow. Forgetting names, how to do simple math, and recent events.  • Later forget how to do simple daily tasks.(brushing teeth) • Later on= anxious, aggressive, wandering from home.  • 4A's= Anger, Aggression,Anxiety,and Apathy.  • No treatment.  • Drugs to slow it down if caught  http://coloradodementia.org/alzheimers-disease-in-colorado/

  35. http://www.webmd.com/brain/encephalitis Encephalitis And  Meningitis • Encephalitis- inflammation of the brain. • Symptoms- fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, stiff neck and back, confusion, drowsiness, clumsiness, unsteady gait, and irritability. • Meningitis- infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. • Symptoms- high fever, severe and persistent headache, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting.

  36. http://livingwellwithepilepsy.com/2010/07/45000-sudden-unexplained-deaths-in.htmlhttp://livingwellwithepilepsy.com/2010/07/45000-sudden-unexplained-deaths-in.html Epilepsy • brain disorder involving repeated seizures of any time. • Partial(focal)-electrical disturbances are localized to areas of the brain near the focal point of the seizure. • Generalized(bilateral)- involves both left and right hemispheres of the brain. • Unilateral-electrical discharge is confined to one of the two hemispheres. • Unclassified- one that cannot be placed in one of the other three categories. 

  37. Multiple Sclerosis • chronic, potentially debilitating disease that affects the brain and spinal cord.  • Inflammation of the sheath. • Genetics are linked to it.  • 400,000 Americans have it between the ages of 20 and 50. • Twice as common in woman as in men. http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/musculoskeletal/multiple-sclerosis1.htm

  38. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQUWLwhqbZWnfjgsJwM3XesytuFMNikngDsEnR_rYQivsZl4TUg3ghttps://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQUWLwhqbZWnfjgsJwM3XesytuFMNikngDsEnR_rYQivsZl4TUg3g Parkinson's Disease • progressive disorder caused by degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls movement. • Causes shortage of dopamine (neurotransmitter) • Movement impairment, tremors, slow movement ( brady kinesia), inability to move (akinesia), stooped posture. symptons worsen over time. • 500,000 Americans have it. 50,000 new cases. • No cure. more common in men then woman 

  39. https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQXRA0kK3ANAC6nL0SYaLRarSYX4LKXynIPozQxUw6naISzuOcb6gtXHTCYhttps://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQXRA0kK3ANAC6nL0SYaLRarSYX4LKXynIPozQxUw6naISzuOcb6gtXHTCY Stroke • Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack, is the death of brain tissue that occurs when the brain does not get enough blood or oxygen. • Can lead to permanent damage. • Leading cause pf death in the U.S • Can be caused by blockage of blood flow by plates in arteries(atherodclerosis) • Symptoms: numbness/weakness on one side of the body, confusion, trouble seeing, trouble walking / dizziness, severe headache for no know reason

  40. Sensory Organs  • Ears, Eyes, Nose, Mouth, and Skin • Sensory Receptors- neurons that detect stimuli. ex: mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, etc. • Stimulus is converted to electrical signals   http://learnhumananatomy.com/sensory-system/

  41. Ear • The site of hearing and equilibrium(balance) • Three distinct divisions- external, middle, and inner • External- includes Auricle(pinna), External Acoustic Meatus(auditory canal), and the Tympanic Membrane(eardrum) • Middle- contains Malleus, Incus, and Stapes; is lined with mucous membrane 

  42. Inner- contains Cochlea, Vestibule, and Semicircular Canals http://www.betterhearing.org/hearing_loss_prevention/noise_induced_hearing_loss/

  43. Pathology Of Ear • Meniere's Disease- abnormality of the inner ear causing a host of symptoms, including vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss, and the sensation of pressure or pain in the affected ear. • Otitis Media- inflammation or infection of any part of the outer, middle, or inner ear.  • Tinnitus- sensation of ringing or roaring sounds in one or both ears, is a symptom associated with damage to the auditory cells in the inner ear.

  44. The Eye • The eye facilitates sight • Orbit- contains the eyeball; cavity is lined with fatty tissue that cushions the eye • Muscles of the Eye- six short muscles provide support and rotary movement  • Eyelids- protect eyeballs from intense light, foreign particles, and impact • Conjunctiva- acts as protective covering and keeps the eyelid and eyeball moist • Lacrimal Apparatus- produces, stores, and removes tears

  45. The Eye cont... • Eyeball- organ of vision • Sclera- outer layer of the eyeball (whites of your eyes) • Cornea- transparent portion of the of the eye; bends light rays and helps to focus them on the retina • Choroid- vascular membrane that prevents internal reflection of light • Ciliary body- smooth muscle that governs the convexity of the lens  • Iris- colored portion of the eyeball; regulates the amount of light admitted by the pupil • Retina- translates light waves into nerve impulses  • Lens- sharpens the focus of light on the retina

  46. Pathology Of The Eye • Cataract-clouding of the eye's lens. • Conjuctivitis(Pinkeye)-inflammation of the conjuctiva, the tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid and helps keep the eyelid and eyeballs moist.  • Glaucoma- group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure. • Macular Degeneration- incurable eye disease that affects more than 10 million Americans.

  47. http://snowbrains.com/brain-post-how-big-is-your-blind-spot/

  48.                 DRUGS... don't do them • Psychoactive Drug- drug that alters functioning of CNS. ex: caffeine  • Stimulant- drug that increases CNS activity ex: nicotine  • Depressant- decreases the activity of the CNS ex: alcohol  http://stuffnormalpeoplelike.wordpress.com/

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