Soils

2. 17.0 Soils

3. 17.1 What is Soil? Soil is an essential natural resource. As well as providing us with food, soil is used for building, farming and much more. Soil is the thin, uppermost layer of the earth.

4. 17.1 What is Soil? The Composition of Soil Soil is composed of five main ingredients. These ingredients work together to make the soil fertile.

5. 17.1 What is Soil? The Composition of Soil Mineral particles of sand, silt and clay, which vary in size, with clay being the smallest and sand the largest, make up most of the soil. 1

6. 17.1 What is Soil? The Composition of Soil The composition of a soil can affect the ability of water to flow through the soil. This is referred to as a soil’s permeability. 1

7. 17.1 What is Soil? The Composition of Soil Water binds the soil together. It also dissolves any minerals and nutrients in the soils, so plants can soak them up in liquid form through their roots. 2

8. 17.1 What is Soil? The Composition of Soil Air is found in the pores (spaces) between the soil particles. It provides the necessary oxygen and nitrogen for plants, and oxygen for the living organisms found in soil. 3

9. 17.1 What is Soil? The Composition of Soil Organic matter is made of anything living, such as earthworms and beetles, as well as micro-organisms found in the soil. 4

10. 17.1 What is Soil? The Composition of Soil As worms move through the soil, they help air and water to circulate through it. Plant remains, such as leaves and twigs, turn into humus when they decay in the soil. 4

11. 17.2 How Soil is Formed Climate Climate, time and human activity all play a key role in the formation of soil. Provides frost, water, etc. to weather and erode rock Influences vegetation and living organisms Provides water Forms mineral particles Organisms change plant litter into humus All mix to form soil Soil Human activity Time Improves soil by fertilising, etc Damages soil by overuse, etc. Soil can take a long time to form

12. 17.3 Soil Profiles Soils have layers called horizons. Each layer is different from the one above and below it. A soil profile is a vertical section of soil from its surface downwards. A typical soil profile

13. 17.3 Soil Profiles 1 A horizon Sometimes called the topsoil, it is the top and most fertile layer of soil (closest to the surface), usually dark in colour because it contains the most humus and plant litter. A typical soil profile

14. 17.3 Soil Profiles 2 B horizon The subsoil. It is found just below the topsoil, has less humus and is lighter in colour than the topsoil. It may contain more stones than the topsoil as it is closer to the bedrock (C horizon). A typical soil profile

15. 17.3 Soil Profiles 3 C horizon It can be called the bedrock. It is a mixture of solid rock at its base and smaller rock pieces at its top. A typical soil profile

16. 17.3 Soil Profiles Two Impacts on Soil Formation Leaching occurs when there is a high amount of rainfall. It deprives plants of important nutrients and minerals when it washes them out of reach of their roots. It creates a hardpan when iron oxide minerals are washed from topsoil particles. The water percolates (soaks) down through the soil and washes important minerals and nutrients down into the B horizon. 1 Leaching Leaching

17. 17.3 Soil Profiles Two Impacts on Soil Formation Plant litter are broken down by insects and micro-organisms into humus, the black, jelly-like substance that contributes to soil fertility. Oxygen is needed to assist in the breakdown of plant litter into humus, because its presence in the soil helps keep organisms alive. The process of plant litter changing into humus is called humification. 2 The Breakdown of Plant Litter

18. 17.4 Ireland’s Soil Types The amount of humus present in soil and the movement of water through soil combine to create many different types of soil. There are four types of soil in Ireland: Brown soils Peaty soils Podzols Gley soils

19. 17.4 Ireland’s Soil Types Brown soil Brown in colour. Very fertile and excellent for farming. Ireland’s most common soil type. Found in areas where rainfall is limited, such as the midlands. Also found mainly in areas of deciduous forest.

20. 17.4 Ireland’s Soil Types Podzol soil Grey in colour due to hardpan. As a result, the soils are less fertile. Found in highland areas of Ireland where more rainfall occurs. Found in coniferous forested areas. There is little plant litter on the forest floor to turn into humus.

21. 17.4 Ireland’s Soil Types Gley soil Blue-grey in colour. Therefore, it is not very fertile. It forms on areas of rolling lowland or gently-sloping hills. It is very thin (not deep) and floods easily during rainfall, becoming waterlogged.

22. 17.4 Ireland’s Soil Types Peaty soil It takes thousands of years to form. Also called ‘bogland’. Dark in colour and can be heavily waterlogged. Therefore, it is not very fertile.

23. My Geography Moment: The Soil in my Locality – Results Tables 13.2 Forecasting the Weather Task 1: Examine the vegetation of your three chosen sites

24. Task 2: Examine the texture of the three soil samples

25. Task 3: Examine the humus content of one soil sample This is a sample results table that can be adapted to suit your own task details. Measurements Breakdown of soil shows 7.5% humus content Fertile soil: Soil with a higher percentage of humus content Less fertile soil: Soil with less than 5% humus Weight of soil sample used in experiment: 80 grams Weight of humus content extracted following completion of experiment: 6 grams Convert to a percentage: 6/80 x 100/1 = 7.5% Conclusions *Note: Results from Task 1: Examine the vegetation of your three chosen sites can also indicate humus content.

26. Task 3: Examine the humus content of one soil sample This is a sample results table that can be adapted to suit your own task details. Identifying Soil Profiles from Humus Content Brown soil: Rich in humus content due to presence of vegetation; humus content gives this soil its brown colour. Podzol soil: Has very little humus content due to such characteristics as leaching and the presence of hardpan. Gley soil: Develops in areas prone to flooding (mountains); little or no humus content as a result. Peaty soil: Develops in upland areas and bogland areas, also prone to flooding; little or no humus content.

27. Task 4: Measure the moisture and air content of one soil sample This is a sample results table that can be adapted to suit your own task details. Measurements Weight loss can be attributed to loss of air and soil due to heating. Air and water are essential for any plant and animal life to survive on or in soil. If soil has less than 25% air and 25% water, this can affect fertility. Weight of soil used in experiment: 10 grams Weight of soil following experiment: 6.5 grams % air and water in soil: Convert weight loss to a percentage = 3.5/10 x 100 = 35% Conclusions

28. Task 4: Measure the moisture and air content of one soil sample This is a sample results table that can be adapted to suit your own task details. Identifying Soil Profiles from Moisture and Air Content Brown soil: High air content; high water permeability; relatively fertile. Podzol soil: Low air content (leacing causing hardpan); high water permeability; low fertility. Gley soil: Low air content; low water permeability (water table usually present); low fertility. Peaty soil: Low air content; low water permeability; low fertility.

29. Task 5: Measure the permeability of one soil sample Identifying Soil Profiles from Soil Permeability Brown soil: Generally has good soil structure with adequate space for air and water; water would flow through quite easily; good fertility. Podzol soil: Water will also flow through this type of soil quite easily; however, poor fertility due to leaching and presence of hardpan. Gley soil: May have a poor soil structure. These soils may be sticky and hard to farm, as water does not flow through them easily, which can result in flooding. Peaty soil: Can often be saturated; this is because peat is good at retaining water, which can cause peat soils to flood; permeability is poor; fertility is poor.

30. Video: Soil Profiles