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Aboriginal Groups in Canada

Aboriginal Groups in Canada. Canadian History XI. Aboriginal People. Aboriginal groups live in groups called tribes Tribes are subdivided into bands or villages of a few families and each exhibit different traditions and living styles

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Aboriginal Groups in Canada

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  1. Aboriginal Groups in Canada Canadian History XI

  2. Aboriginal People • Aboriginal groups live in groups called tribes • Tribes are subdivided into bands or villages of a few families and each exhibit different traditions and living styles • Early aboriginal communities had similarities in language, culture and political organization • Geography, climate and other environmental factors played an important role in shaping the lives of the people

  3. Eastern Woodlands

  4. Eastern Woodlands • Woodlands where the Algonquianlived had an abundance of wildlife for food: deer, bear, moose, caribou, fish and even seals and whales on the coast • Algonquian tribes had great hunting skills • Gathered wild food like: • rice and berries • Had to move around (nomadic) and they lived in wigwams

  5. Eastern Woodlands • The Maritime Provinces were home to the Mi’kmaq Nation • Also nomadic (according to the seasons) • Spring, Summer and Autumn: lived by the seashore eating salmon, eel, lobster, clams, seals, etc. • Winter: lived more inland to hunt moose, caribou, bear and other animals

  6. Eastern Woodlands • The Iroquois lived south of Lake Ontario • Were expert farmers: corn, squash and beans (Three Sisters)as well as tobacco • They would trade their farmed goods for animal pelts and porcupine quills with the Huron to the north • Towns of 2500 people and shared large longhouses • Huron-Iroquois gave us name CanadaKanata = village or community

  7. Eastern Woodlands • The Huron lived north of Lake Ontario • Successful traders • Wanted a monopoly ontrade in the region • Transportation: birch bark canoes • Rivals with Iroquois Confederacy • As mentioned on the previous slide... Huron-Iroquois gave us name CanadaKanata = village or community

  8. Plains Tribes

  9. Plains Tribes • Bison were at large (60 million) and was important to the main tribes (Blackfoot, Cree and the Sioux) • Culture surrounded the survival of the bison, as it was used for food, tipis, clothing, containers, tools and more • Later, horses became very important to their culture (transportation, as a tool when hunting, etc.)

  10. Plains Tribes • The Blackfoot lived in Alberta and was one of the most prominent Plains Tribes • They had two distinctive rituals or religious beliefs. The first was the Medicine Bundle. • The Medicine Bundle • Rawhide bag: medicine pipe, eagle feather or owl, sweet grass, chokecherry wood, pieces of tobacco, stones etc. • Offer protection against harm

  11. Plains Tribes • The second of the Blackfoot’s religious beliefs was the Sun Dance: • The Sun Dance: • Shaman would make cuts in person’s chest or back looped leather strips from the skin to the pole. • Scars = badge of courage • Danced around the pole gazing into the sun • The ritual would take place in early summer • Said to relieve bad luck

  12. Plateau Tribes

  13. Plateau Tribes • Lived in the interior of British Columbia • Depended on the Fraser and the Thompson River for transportation, food, etc. • Source of food: deer, caribou, elk, and mountain sheep • Made log huts covered with bark for shelter • Plateau Tribes: Interior Salish, Kootenay, and Athapaskan

  14. Northwest Coast

  15. Northwest Coast • The Haida, Tlingit and the other groups from that area • Food was plentiful: deer and bear to ducks, seals and fish, fruits and plants • Made totem poles • They moved to where the food was, however, they always had a home base • Communities had two groups – nobles and commoners • Born into one group or the other

  16. The Subarctic

  17. The Subarctic • Found throughout Canada • Tribes: the Gwich’in up in the Yukon, the Dene in the northwest, The Cree and Ojibwa in the East (spread out) • Dependent on the migrating herds • Harsh living conditions groups would work together to survive (would trade food and medicine)

  18. The Arctic

  19. The Arctic • Inuit culture is quite different from other aboriginal groups • There are no trees, lots of deep snow and thick ice, and unique animals, such as seals, walrus, whales and caribou • Developed tools: hunting gear, harpoons; they had dog sleds and kayaks to get around • Built temporary shelters igloos and sod houses

  20. Summary • Regardless of where the different aboriginal groups lived, the natural environment played an important role in their survival • Examples: • The food they ate was dependent on the animals available to hunt or the crops they were able to grow if farming • Their housing was dependent on the climate and their lifestyle (which again was related to the need for food)

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