CHAPTER 14 Improving S ervice Quality and Productivity

1. CHAPTER 14ImprovingService Quality and Productivity

2. Overview of Chapter 14 • Integrating Service Quality and Productivity Strategies • What is Service Quality? • The GAP Model – A Conceptual Tool to Identify and Correct Service Quality Problems • Measuring and Improving Service Quality • Learning From Customer Feedback

3. Overview of Chapter 14 • Hard Measures of Service Quality • Tools to Analyze and Address Service Quality Problems • Return on Quality • Defining and Measuring Productivity • Improving Service Productivity

4. Integrating Service Quality and Productivity Strategies

5. Integrating Service Quality and Productivity Strategies • Quality and productivity are twin paths to creating value for both customers and companies • Quality focuses on the benefits created for customers; productivity addresses financial costs incurred by firm • If service processes are more efficient and increase productivity, this may not result in better quality experience for customers • Getting service employees to work faster to increase productivity may sometimes be welcomed by customers, but at other times feel rushed and unwanted • Marketing, operations and human resource managers need to work together for quality and productivity improvement

6. What is Service Quality?

7. Different Perspectives of Service Quality Quality = Excellence. Recognized only through experience Transcendent: Manufacturing-based: Quality is in conformance to the firm’s developed specifications User-based: Quality lies in the eyes of the beholder Value-based: Quality is a trade-off between price and value

8. Dimensions of Service Quality Tangibles: Appearance of physical elements Reliability: Dependable and accurate performance Responsiveness: Promptness; helpfulness Assurance: Competence, courtesy, credibility, security Empathy: Easy access, good communication, understanding of customer

9. The Gap Model – A Conceptual Tool to Identify and Correct Service Quality Problems

10. Six Service Quality Gaps(Fig. 14.5)

11. Suggestions for Closing the6 Service Quality Gaps (1) (Table 14.2)

12. Suggestions for Closing the6 Service Quality Gaps (2) (Table 14.2)

13. Suggestions for Closing the6 Service Quality Gaps (3) (Table 14.2)

14. Suggestions for Closing the6 Service Quality Gaps (4) (Table 14.2)

15. Measuring and Improving Service Quality

16. Soft and Hard Measures of Service Quality • Soft measures—not easily observed, must be collected by talking to customers, employees or others • Provide direction, guidance and feedback to employees on ways to achieve customer satisfaction • Can be quantified by measuring customer perceptions and beliefs • e.g. SERVQUAL, surveys, and customer advisory panels • Hard measures—can be counted, timed or measured through audits • Typically operational processes or outcomes • Standards often set with reference to percentage of occasions on which a particular measure is achieved

17. Learning from Customer Feedback

18. Key Objectives of Effective Customer Feedback Systems • Assessment and benchmarking of service quality and performance • Customer-driven learning and improvements • Creating a customer-oriented service culture

19. Customer Feedback Collection Tools • Total market surveys • Annual surveys • Transactional surveys • Service feedback cards • Mystery shopping • Unsolicited customer feedback • Focus group discussions • Service reviews

20. Key Customer Feedback Collection Tools:Strengths and Weakness(Table 14.3)

21. Analysis, Reporting and Dissemination of Customer Feedback • Choosing the relevant feedback tools and collecting customer feedback is meaningless if the information is not passed back to the relevant parties to take action • Reporting system needs to deliver feedback to frontline staff, process owners, branch/department managers and top management • Three types of performance reports: • Monthly Service Performance Update • Quarterly Service Performance Review • Annual Service Performance Report

22. Hard Measures of Service Quality

23. Hard Measures of Service Quality Service quality indexes Embrace key activities that have an impact on customers Control charts to monitor a single variable Offer a simple method of displaying performance over time against specific quality standards Enable easy identification of trends Are only good if data on which based are accurate

24. Control Chart for Departure Delays(Fig. 14.9)

25. Tools to Analyze and Address Service Quality Problems

26. Tools to Analyze and Address Service Quality Problems • Fishbone diagram • Cause-and-effect diagram to identify potential causes of problems • Pareto Chart • Separating the trivial from the important. Often, a majority of problems is caused by a minority of causes (i.e. the 80/20 rule) • Blueprinting • Visualization of service delivery, identifying points where failures are most likely to occur

27. Cause-and-Effect Chart for Flight Departure Delays (Fig. 14.10)

28. Analysis of Causes of Flight Departure Delays (Fig. 14.11)

29. Return on Quality

30. Return On Quality (ROQ) • Assess costs and benefits of quality initiatives • ROQ approach is based on four assumptions: • Quality is an investment • Quality efforts must be financially accountable • It’s possible to spend too much on quality • Not all quality expenditures are equally valid • Implication: Quality improvement efforts may benefit from being related to productivity improvement programs • To see if new quality improvement efforts make sense, determine costs and then relate to anticipated customer response • Determine optimal level of reliability • Diminishing returns set in as improvements require higher investments • Know when improving service reliability becomes uneconomical

31. When Does Improving Service Reliability Become Uneconomical? (Fig. 14.12)

32. Defining and Measuring Productivity

33. Productivity in a Service Context • Productivity measures amount of output produced relative to the amount of inputs. • Improvement in productivity means an improvement in the ratio of outputs to inputs. • Intangible nature of many service elements makes it hard to measure productivity of service firms, especially for information- based services • Difficult in most services because both input and output are hard to define • Relatively simpler in possession-processing services, as compared to information- and people-processing services

34. Service Efficiency, Productivity and Effectiveness • Efficiency: involves comparison to a standard, usually time-based (e.g., how long employee takes to perform specific task) • Problem: focus on inputs rather than outcomes • May ignore variations in service quality/value • Productivity: involves financial value of outputs to inputs • Consistent delivery of outcomes desired by customers should command higher prices • Effectiveness: degree to which firm meets goals • Cannot divorce productivity from quality and customer satisfaction

35. Improving Service Productivity

36. Generic Productivity Improvement Strategies • Typical strategies to improve service productivity: • Careful control of costs at every step in process • Efforts to reduce wasteful use of materials or labor • Matching productive capacity to average rather than peak demand levels • Replacing workers by automated machines or self-service technologies • Teaching employees how to work more productively • Broadening variety of tasks that service worker can perform • Installing expert systems that allow paraprofessionals to take on work previously performed by professionals who earn higher salaries • Although improving productivity can be approached incrementally, major gains often require redesigning entire processes

37. Customer-driven Ways to Improve Productivity • Change timing of customer demand • By shifting demand away from peaks, managers can make better use of firm’s productive assets and provide better service • Involve customers more in production • Get customers to self-serve • Encourage customers to obtain information and buy from firm’s corporate Websites • Ask customers to use third parties • Delegate delivery of supplementary service elements to intermediary organizations

38. Backstage and Front-Stage Productivity Changes: Implications for Customers • Backstage changes may impact customers • Keep track of proposed backstage changes, and prepare customers for them • e.g., new printing peripherals may affect appearance of bank statements • Front-stage productivity enhancements are especially visible in high contact services • Some improvements only require passive acceptance, while others require customers to change behavior • Must consider impacts on customers and address customer resistance to changes • See Service Insights 14.3 : Managing Customers’ Reluctance to Change

39. A Caution on Cost Reduction Strategies • Most attempts to improve service productivity seek to eliminate waste and reduce labor costs and does not involve new technology • Reducing staff means workers try to do several things at once and may perform each task poorly • Better to search for service process redesign opportunities that lead to • Improvements in productivity • Simultaneous improvement in service quality • See Service Insights 14.4: Biometrics

40. Summary of Chapter 14: Improving Service Quality and Productivity (1) • Quality and productivity need to be considered jointly in marketing services • Research consolidated service quality dimensions into five • Tangibles • Reliability • Responsiveness • Competence • Courtesy • GAP model is a tool to diagnose problems in service design and delivery. Service gap is the most critical and can only be closed if the other six gaps are closed

41. Summary of Chapter 14: Improving Service Quality and Productivity (2) • Both soft and hard measures used to measure service quality • We can learn from customer feedback--key objectives: • Assessment and benchmarking of service quality and performance • Customer-driven learning and improvements • Creating a customer-oriented service culture

42. Summary of Chapter 14: Improving Service Quality and Productivity (3) • A mix of customer feedback collection tools can help to deliver needed information to firms • Total market surveys, annual survey, and transactional surveys • Service feedback cards • Mystery shopping • Unsolicited customer feedback • Focus group discussions and service reviews • Capture unsolicited feedback • Feedback must be analyzed, reported, disseminated and used

43. Summary of Chapter 14: Improving Service Quality and Productivity (4) • Hard measure of service quality include service index and control charts • Tools used to analyze and address service quality problems • Fishbone diagram • Pareto chart • Blueprinting • Measuring productivity in services is difficult – a -- and there is a need to determine when service reliability becomes uneconomical • Efficiency, productivity and effectiveness need to be distinguished when measuring service quality

44. Summary of Chapter 14: Improving Service Quality and Productivity (5) • To improve service productivity, there are generic improvement strategies and customer-driven approaches • Customer-driven approaches to improving productivity include • Changing timing of customer demand • Involving customers more in production • Asking customers to use third parties • Backstage and frontstage productivity changes both affect customers • Cost-reduction strategies should be used with caution as this may impact service quality negatively. A better way may be to look for service process redesign opportunities

45. Approaches to Productivity and Quality Improvement and Standardization (Appendix) • Total Quality Management (TQM) • ISO 9000 • Comprises requirements, definitions, guidelines, and related standards to provide an independent assessment and certification of a firm’s quality management system • Malcolm Baldrige Model Applied to Services • To promote best practices in quality management, and recognizing, and publicizing quality achievements among U.S. firms • Six Sigma • Statistically, only 3.4 defects per million opportunities (1/294,000) • Has evolved from defect-reduction approach to an overall business-improvement approach