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Human Cell Biology and Physiology

Human Cell Biology and Physiology. Timothy Billington PhD. HUMAN CELL ANATOMY. Microvilli Secretory vesicle Cytosol Centrioles Lysosome Cytoskeleton Free ribosomes (= unattached) Nucleolus. Cilia Golgi Apparatus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Human Cell Biology and Physiology

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  1. Human Cell Biology and Physiology Timothy Billington PhD

  2. HUMAN CELL ANATOMY Microvilli Secretory vesicle Cytosol Centrioles Lysosome Cytoskeleton Free ribosomes (= unattached) Nucleolus Cilia Golgi Apparatus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores Mitochondrion Image source: Blausen medical

  3. OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE Learn what a human cell is Discover the many types of cells in the 11 organ systems of the body Learn how cells work , what they do and what they react to in the maintenance of life and inheritance

  4. LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this course I would like you to: Understand what a human cell is Learn which structures are inside cells and on cells Describe how different cells function in the different organs of the body

  5. COURSEWORK, CONTENT DELIVERY 1. Lectures based on PowerPoint slides 2. Discussions based on improving your learning techniques I shall also refer you to published papers of particular currently topical interest PLEASE don’t hesitate to ask questions during the lectures PLEASE let me know if you are not understanding something, as we go along

  6. ASSESSING YOUR KNOWLEDGE and UNDERSTANDING Formative Quizzes and short answer questions so that you can check your understanding Answers will be marked, and will form basis of discussions and understanding of new concepts Please at least attempt the formative assessments .

  7. ASSESSING YOUR KNOWLEDGE and UNDERSTANDING Summative During the course, I shall provide5 short-answer assignments for you to answer in ~300 words each I WILL mark your answers ‘1500 word portfolio’ which you email to me at the end of the course. Final date for submission of your portfolio: 16th December, 2016

  8. EXPECTATION: That you demonstrate a critical and evaluative approach in your answers CATS points: This course is worth 10 CATS points for those of you who have alreadyelected to enrol in the CATS scheme. This had to be done before the start of the course. Enrolment for CATS can be done retrospectively between Jan1st and August 31st in the following academic year. CATSstands for: Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme

  9. HOURS Class time: 20 (10 meetings X 2hr) Outside class: 80 = 8 hr / week Total recommended: 100

  10. Formalities: Please provide me your email Mine is timb48@bigpond.com Submission of written work: Email me with attached files of your answers Introductions of class members: Name Study background in the past? What do you come to this class with? Any particular experience related to Cells or Biology or Science?

  11. Declaration of Authorship Form Please hand in/submit a completed copy of the Declaration when you hand in your portfolio Submission of coursework Make sure your name and course title is on each piece of work Library website http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/conted An on-line guide for weekly class students can be found at http://ox.libguides.com/conted-weeklyclass Reading University libraryhttp://www.unicorn.reading.ac.uk (click on ‘Guest user’)

  12. Week 1:Introduction SIMPLE CHEMISTRY RELATION to HUMAN CELLS

  13. To help understand how cells work, we need to discover what they are made of. So we will be looking at some simple chemistry

  14. SIMPLE CHEMISTRY EXAMPLES: THE 2 SMALLEST ATOMS HYDROGEN 1 proton (+ve charge) 1 electron ( -ve charge ) (Zero neutrons) HELIUM 2 protons 2 neutrons 2 electrons Atomic nucleus, containing Protons and Neutrons

  15. The arrangement of electrons in 3D space gives an atom its properties Determines: how it interacts with other atoms to form molecules

  16. HOW ARE THE ELECTRONS ARRANGED AROUND AN ATOMIC NUCLEUS? Think about it like this: electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus First shell has 2 electrons (inner shell) Second shell has 8 electrons Third shell has 8 electrons (outer shell) It is the number of electrons in the outer shell that determines what kinds of chemical bonds one atom can form with another atom

  17. The hydrogen atom has 1 electron in its only shell Observation: For stability, it is mandatory to have 2 electrons in that shell Question: How might we arrive at 2 electrons in the case of hydrogen?

  18. Hydrogen, to be stable, exists as H-H See that there is a SHARED pair of electrons. Satisfies the rule that there must be 2 electrons in the inner shell for the molecule to be stable

  19. What are chemical bonds?

  20. Two types of chemical bond, with examples An IONIC bond is formed between, for example, a sodium atom and a chlorine atom based on opposite charges attracting A COVALENT bond is formed between, for example, two oxygen atoms based on sharing electrons Question: How are these 2 types of chemical bonds formed?

  21. Let’s look at a sodium (Na) atom: Na has a total of 11 electrons 2 in its inner shell, 8 in its next shell and 1 in its outer shell Now let’s view the chlorine (Cl) atom: Cl has a total of 17 electrons 2 in its inner shell, 8 in its next shell and ?? In its outer shell How many electrons are in Chlorine’s outer shell??

  22. As we know that the outer shell is stable if it has 8 electrons, how many more electrons does Chlorine need in its outer shell?

  23. AN IONIC BOND FORMS BETWEEN Na and Cl to produce NaCl ( sodium chloride = table salt ) HOW? NaLOSES the 1 electron in its outer shell and so becomes Positively charged, ieNa+ ion ClGAINS that electron to add to its outer shell and so becomes Negatively charged, ie. Cl- ion As we all know, opposite charges attract, so Na++Cl-NaCl Question: What electrical charge would the NaClmolecule have?? How many electrons are now in the Chlorine ion’s outer shell? How many electrons are now in the Sodium ion’s outer shell?

  24. A COVALENT BOND FORMS BETWEEN 2 OXYGEN (O) atoms HOW? O has a total of 8 electrons, that is: 2 in its inner shell and ?? in its outer shell In an oxygen molecule , 2 oxygen atomsSHARE 2 Pairs of electrons such that each atom has a filled outer shell Question: How many electrons are in a filled outer shell?

  25. ATOMS / ELEMENTS which are IMPORTANT in CELL CHEMISTRY Carbon 6 electrons Oxygen 8 Nitrogen 7 Hydrogen 1 Phosphorus 15 Potassium 19 Sodium 11 Chlorine 17

  26. WATER O H H SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl POTASSIUM CHLORIDE K Cl CARBON DIOXIDE O C O OXYGEN O O CARBOHYDRATES C H O PROTEINS C H O N

  27. 8LEVELS of ORGANISATION in the BODY Atoms Least complex Molecules Macromolecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism Most complex

  28. Atoms:smallest, most basic particles of matter Molecules: combinations of two or more atoms Macromolecules: very large molecules Cells: living combinations of macromolecules

  29. Tissues: combinations of cells Organs: combinations of two or more tissue types Organ Systems: combinations of two or more organs Organisms: sum total combination of organ systems, in our case, 11.

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