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Cell Physiology. Chapter 4. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/. Objectives. I will be able to compare the processes of diffusion, dialysis, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
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Cell Physiology Chapter 4 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
Objectives • I will be able to • compare the processes of diffusion, dialysis, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. • Discuss the active cell transport mechanisms responsible for movement of some materials through cell membranes. • Compare and contrast passive and active cell transport processes. • Describe the role of enzymes in cell metabolism. • We will • Outline the process of cellular respiration and discuss its importance. • Discuss, compare, and contrast the four distinct phases of mitosis and meiosis. • Discuss and give examples of how cells adapt to changing conditions and what kinds of changes may be harmful to the body.
Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes (p. 91) • Passive transport processes (Table 4-1) • Diffusion(Figs. 4-1, 4-2, 4-3) • Dialysis(Fig. 4-4) • Separation of small from larger molecules • Osmosis(Figs. 4-5, 4-6) • Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (osmotic pressure)
Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes (p. 91) • Passive transport processes(Table 4-1) • Facilitated diffusion (Fig. 4-7) • Carrier mediated • Filtration • Water passage by force of hydrostatic pressure • Separate large from small • Capillaries
Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes (p. 91) • Active transport processes (Table 4-1) • Substances move against a gradient; using pumps • Endocytosis(Fig. 4-9) • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis • Exocytosis(Figs. 3-2, 3-5) What do these words actually mean?
Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • Enzymes reduce activation energy • Regulate cell metabolism • Chemical structure of enzymes(Fig. 4-10) • Proteins • Active site
Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • General functions of enzymes • Most enzymes are action-specific (Fig. 4-10) • Chemical and physical agents activate or inactivate by changing shape (Figs. 4-11, 4-12) • Allosteric effectors (give me some examples) • End-product inhibition occurs • Most enzymes catalyze reversible reactions
Comp-book Writing assignment • Write 5-6 sentences • Explain the similarities and differences between active and passive transport. Give examples of each and where in our body the process occurs.
Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • General functions of enzymes • Many enzymes are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes (Fig. 4-11)
Catabolism (p.102) • Overview of cellular respiration (Fig. 2-29) • Glucose is broken down to yield stored energy • Glycolysis(what is the fate of Pyruvic acid?) (Figs. 4-13, 4-14) • Citric acid cycle (Figs. 4-14, 27-6) • Electron transport system (Figs. 4-14, 27-7)
Anabolism (p.104) • Building pathways • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Figs. 4-15, 4-16) • Double helix; transfers information; directs protein synthesis • Genes = segment of DNA; codes for synthesizing one polypeptide (amino acid compound)
Anabolism (p.104) Transcription(Fig. 4-14; Table 4-2) Translation(Figs. 3-3, 4-18, 3-5; Table 4-2) • Process of using tRNA to convert the mRNA strand into stings of amino acids • proteins • Converting DNA to mRNA to prepare for protein synthesis
Growth and Reproduction of Cells (Fig. 4-19) • Cell growth (p. 109) • Production of cytoplasm (Table 4-2) • Amount of cytoplasm doubles preparing for separation • DNA replication (Fig. 4-20; Table 4-3) • Chromosomes double • Genetic material same in all cells (mitosis) • Genetic material in haploid number (meiosis)
Growth and Reproduction of Cells • Cell reproduction (p. 111) • Cytokinesis(Fig. 4-22) • Mitosis(Table 4-4; Fig 4-22) • Prophase(Figs. 4-21; 4-22, B) • Metaphase(Fig. 4-22, C) • Anaphase(Fig. 4-22, D) • Telophase(Fig. 4-22, E) • Meiosis(Fig. 4-23) (Covered in more detail in Chapters 31–33) • MeiosisI • MeiosisII
Group assignment • You will act out the phase of mitosis you are given. • Shhhh it’s a secret and your classmates have to guess • You will be in groups of 5-6 and everyone must participate.
Mitosis • Interphase • 46 chromosomes
Mitosis • Prophase • Chromosomes doubled (92)
Mitosis • Metaphase • Nucleus dissolves • Microtubules attach • Chromosomes align at the middle
Mitosis • Anaphase • Separated chromosomes pulled apart
Mitosis • Telophase • Microtubules disappear • Cell division occurs
Mitosis • Cytokinesis • Two daughter cells are formed • 46 chromosomes each
Cycle of life: Cells (Table 4-5) • Different cells have different life cycles • Aging creates cell numbers and function • Muscles atrophy • Loss of skin elasticity • Bone density • Cardio and respiratory
The Big Picture: Cells Physiology and the Whole Body (p. 116) • Most process occur at the same time throughout the body • Genetic code dictates normal cell functions
Mechanisms of Disease (p. 116) • Cellular Disease • Disorders involving cell transport (Fig. 4-24) • Cystic fibrosis • Chloride ion pump in cell membrane are missing • Salty and thick mucous secretions • Duchennemuscular dystrophy • Leaky cell membranes; false muscle growth • Disorders involving cell membrane receptors • Type 2 diabetes • Insulin receptors less sensitive; cells starved for glucose located outside the cell but can not get in
Mechanisms of Disease (p. 116) • Cellular Disease • Disorders involving cell reproduction • Cancer • Disorders involving DNA and protein synthesis • Sickle-cell anemia • Abnormal hemoglobin production • Infections • Bacterial and viral damage to cells
Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • Classification and naming of enzymes (-ase) • Oxidation-reduction enzymes (give me 2 examples) • Hydrolyzing enzymes (Found where?) • Phosphorylating enzymes (add or remove what?) • Enzymes that add or remove carbon dioxide (?) • Enzymes that rearrange atoms within a molecule (?) • Hydrases(what do they do with water?)