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CELL PHYSIOLOGY. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. CELL ORGANELLES. Mitochondrion. Nucleus. CELL ORGANELLES. Cell Membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Mitochondria Lysosomes Microfilaments and microtubules Vesicles. THE NUCLEUS. Site of DNA (In chromosomes)
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CELL PHYSIOLOGY CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
CELL ORGANELLES Mitochondrion Nucleus
CELL ORGANELLES • Cell Membrane • Nucleus • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi complex • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • Microfilaments and microtubules • Vesicles
THE NUCLEUS • Site of DNA (In chromosomes) • Enclosed by a membrane
DNA REPLICATION • The double helix “unzips” • New bases pair up with the old ones • The molecule replicates itself • Two identical copies each with one old strand and one new
RNA TRANSCRIPTION • Messenger RNA “copies” from DNA • m-RNA caries the message to the rough ER
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • Fluid filled membrane system • Rough ER: Protein Synthesis • Smooth ER: Synthesis of Lipids
Rough ER : Site of Protein Synthesis • Rough ER contains ribosomes • M-RNA attaches to ribosome • A triplet of bases is a Codon • Transfer RNA has an anticodon at one end and the appropriate amino acid at the other • As the code is read, amino acids are assembled into a protein
Exocytosis • Vesicles fuse with the membrane • They open to the outside and discharge their contents
MITOCHONDRIA • Extract Energy from Food Fuels • Energy is stored in ATP • Aerobic Metabolism
Anaerobic Metabolism • Sugar can be burned without oxygen - anaerobically • Far more energy released from burning sugar aerobically • Glycolysis is anaerobic-carried out in cytosol • Glucose ----> 3 Carbon fragments plus 2 ATP
Aerobic Metabolism • Pyruvic Acid (3 C fragment) enters Mitochondria • Combines with Coenzyme A loosing a CO2 and becoming Acetyl Coenzyme A (2 C fragment) • This fragment enters a cyclic reaction scheme, the Citric Acid Cycle • Ultimately, 34 more ATP’s are produced
THE CYTOSKELETON • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Intermediate Filaments • Microtubular Lattice