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I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire II. The New World of Islam

I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire II. The New World of Islam. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire Justinian (527-565) A. Challenges invaders from Eurasian steppes Avars 6th - 9th centuries Slavs subjected Czechs, Samo revolt Slavs

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I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire II. The New World of Islam

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  1. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire • II. The New World of Islam

  2. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire • Justinian (527-565) • A. Challenges • invaders from Eurasian steppes • Avars • 6th - 9th centuries • Slavs • subjected • Czechs, Samo • revolt • Slavs • c. 550, cross Danube • to Croatia, Serbia • 626, Slavs and Avars attack Constantinople • repelled

  3. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire • A. Challenges • Bulgars • subject Balkans in 8th • Khan Krum (808-814) • defeats Byzantines, assassinates emperor • Khan Boris (852-889) • converts to Orthodoxy • Cyril (c.826-869) and Methodius (815-885) • new alphabet • translate Christian liturgy • by 1018, Bulgaria again part of Eastern Empire • Rus • Kiev • Vladimir the Great (980-1015) • Iaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) • unites Kiev and Novgorod • converts to Orthodoxy

  4. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire • B. Western Provinces • Exarchate of Carthage • Spain lost to Visigoths, 630's • North Africa, conquered by Arabs, 698 • Exarchate of Ravenna • falls, 751 • C. Eastern Adversaries • Persia • Chosroes II • 602, new attack • 614, takes Antioch • Heraclius (610-641) • defeats Chosroes, 628 • Islam • Leo II (717-741) • victory at Akroinon, 740 • Digenes Akritas

  5. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire • D. Byzantine Civilization • Administration • Emperor • state monopolies • Themes - 4 • increasingly autonomous • later subdivided • Church • clerical hierarchy • Patriarch • bishops • Iconoclasm • Leo III (717-741) • > split with Rome • 787, end of Iconoclasm • E. Macedonian Renaissance • Macedonian dynasty (867-1056) • Basil I (867-886) • names successor • Economy • Constantinople, .5 million Art • end of iconoclasm • Photius (810-c.893) • Patriarch • historian • Library • Constantine VII Porphyrogenetus (912-959) • On the Administration of the Empire • Basil II • 1025, dies without heir

  6. II. The New World of Islam • A. Arabs before Islam • Arabic • Commerce, herding • Petra • taken by 100 B.C.E. • Tribal organization • Religion • polytheism, monotheism

  7. II. The New World of Islam • B. The Rise of Islam • Muhammad (c.570-632) • Quraysh • Mecca • Kaaba • marries Khadija • Revelation • Qur'an • 622, to Medina • Hijra • conflict with Jews • 630, takes Mecca • Teachings • Islam = submission • 5 Pillars • Accept God and Muhammad as his prophet • Prayer • Friday communal prayer • Ramadan • Pilgrimage • Jihad = struggle

  8. II. The New World of Islam • C. Succession • Abu Bakr (632-634) • father in law • Sunnism • Ali • husband of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad • Shi'ites • Wars of Apostasy • Umar (634-644) • second Rashidun • attacks Byzantine and Persian empires • takes Syria, 636 • Ctesiphon, 637 • Egypt and Persia • Civil War, 655-661 • Umayyad Sunnis v. Ali • 661, Ali assassinated • D. Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 • "House of Islam" v. "House of War" • Sweep west • 632, Poitiers stopped by Charles Martel • 661, treaty with Nubians • China • 751, Battle of Talas • Government • Muawiya (661-680) • hereditary monarchy • Authority • no longer by consent • > civil war, 683-692 • Administration • Arabic • New towns: • Fustat, Kairouan, Basra

  9. II. The New World of Islam • (D. Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750) • Conversion • People of the Book • Economy • trade • land tax • dirham, dinar • End of the Umayyad • 750, last caliph dies • Abbasids • from Shah Abbas Muhammad's uncle • Abd al-Rahman I (756-788) to Spain • Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba • E. Abbasid Caliphate, 750-945 Baghdad, 762-763 • new orientation • Height, 754-861 • Arabian Nights • Harun al-Rashid (786-809) • al-Mamun (813-833) • Baghdad observatory • al-Kindi (d. after 870)

  10. II. The New World of Islam • F. Europe • Sicily • immigration, 703-1060 • Spain • Córdoba, largest city in Europe • Abd al-Rahman III (912-961) Madinat az-Zahra • Hasdai ibn Shaprut (915-970) • Samuel ibn Nagrela (993-1055) • Navarre • Sancho I (1000-1035) • conquests • 1035, divided • Alfonso VI (1072-1109) • Castile • 1085, Toledo • > Almoravids • Alfonso defeated, 1086

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