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African Nationalism

African Nationalism. Pan-African Movements. Pan-Africanism. Started in the 1920’s Wanted unity for all Africans Wanted unity of all people in the world of African descent. Pan-Africanism. By the beginning of World War One only Liberia and Ethiopia were not under imperialistic control.

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African Nationalism

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  1. African Nationalism Pan-African Movements

  2. Pan-Africanism • Started in the 1920’s • Wanted unity for all Africans • Wanted unity of all people in the world of African descent

  3. Pan-Africanism • By the beginning of World War One only Liberia and Ethiopia were not under imperialistic control. • Few African countries obtained independence until after World War Two. • Many Africans fought in WWII. • Africans resented being treated like 2nd class citizens. • Africans moved to cities and began to become exposed to nationalistic movements. • Africans wanted their own self-determination.

  4. Ghana • Known as the Gold Coast • Was a British Colony

  5. Kwame Nkrumah • Leader was Kwame Nkrumah who was educated in America and inspired by Gandhi. • Nkrumah used non violent protest such as boycotts and strikes to drive the British out. • In 1957 Britain gave Ghana it’s independence.

  6. Kwame Nkrumah • Nkrumah becomes prime Minister and renames the Gold Coast to Ghana. • The name linked the new nation to it’s African past. • In 1963 Nkrumah creates the Organization of African Unity (OAU) • This organization promotes African unity and self-determination across Africa.

  7. Kenya • Leader for independence was Jomo Kenyatta. • Came from the Kibuyu nation which had been driven off their land. • Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret society of Kikuyu farmers that used violence to scare the British off their lands • Kenyatta was jailed by the British for not denouncing the Mau Mau Rebellion. • In 1963 Kenya gained it’s independence and Kenyatta was freed and became Prime Minister.

  8. Algeria • A French colony that had a million European settlers. • In the 1950’s a strong Muslim national movement began. • Fighting between the French and Algerian nationalist lasted from 1954 to 1962. (This was France’s Vietnam) • Public opinion in France was that Algeria should be free and in 1962 Algeria became a free nation.

  9. Problems with Independence • During imperialism European nations set up export type economies. • Economies depended on the export of raw materials. Cash Crops Raw materials

  10. Problems with Independence • Many African nations still relied on these export goods. • Problem • When no demand/prices fall/countries become poor.

  11. Problems with Independence • African nations relied on buying manufactured goods and had no industrial base.

  12. Problems with Independence • African nations have to import manufactured goods and incurred a large debt.

  13. Tribalism and Nationalism • African boundaries had been set by imperialistic nations not African nations • Berlin Conference 1885.

  14. Tribalism and Nationalism • Many tribes and nations were split by these European boundaries. • Because of these splits there is more loyalty to one’s tribe then the country they live in.

  15. Nigeria • In Nigeria this tribalism lead to a civil war. • More than 200 ethnic groups live within Nigeria. • During independence many of these tribes fought for control of the country.

  16. Nigeria • The two main groups fighting for control were the • Muslim Hausa and Fulani people of the north • Vs. • Christian Ibo and Yoruba of the south • In 1966 20,000 Ibo were massacred by the Hausa controlled government. • In a several year period about 1 million people had been killed or starved to death. • Military leaders took control in the 70’s and 80’s • In 1999 Nigeria elected a civilian government.

  17. Obstacles to Progress in Africa • Population and Poverty • Population explosion • Widespread hunger

  18. Obstacles to Progress in Africa • Political Problems • Power hungry and greedy leaders • Military takeovers • Harsh dictators • Ethnic and regional conflict.

  19. Obstacles to Progress in Africa • Economic Dependence • Need for foreign aid • Need for imported goods • High debt

  20. Obstacles to Progress in Africa • Land and Climate • Too much or too little rain • Poor soil • Tropical diseases • Desert climate

  21. Obstacles to Progress in Africa • Economic Policies • Failed socialist economy • Cash crops instead of food crops • Lack of funding for rural areas.

  22. Africa’s Future • Africa shows great potential • Many African nations have moved from a socialist economy to a mixed economy • Mining for resources such a gold and diamonds • Countries have built factories to process both manufactured and agricultural goods. • Improvements in transportation and communications.

  23. South Africa End to Apartheid

  24. Apartheid • Apartheid was a policy created by the white South African government in 1948, stated that the races (black and white) had to be separated.

  25. Apartheid • The laws • Black Africans and other non-whites had to live in certain zones of the country. • There were separate trains, beaches, schools, restrooms and other areas for whites and non-whites. • Interracial marriages were banned.

  26. Apartheid • Apartheid was similar to Jim Crow Laws of segregation in the United States.

  27. Apartheid • Reasons for Apartheid • The government wanted to maintain control of both the government and economy. • Non-whites were not allowed to run for office or vote.

  28. South Africa • For 350 years South Africa had been ruled by either the Dutch or the British. • In 1910 Britain gave South Africa it’s independence. • At that time the whites held all the political and economic power in South Africa.

  29. South Africa • In 1912 the African National Congress (ANC) a black political party was formed. • The ANC was outlawed by the all white government. • The ANC stood out against apartheid.

  30. South Africa • The ANC used boycotts and nonviolent protest against the policies of South Africa. • The ANC tried to use legal means to bring about change, without success.

  31. Nelson Mandela • Mandela became one of the leaders of the ANC. • In 1960 during a peaceful protest and the protestors were fired on and 60 were killed. This was known as the Sharpeville Massacres. • Mandela then formed the “Spear of the Nation” movement. A violent movement against the South African government • The movement an underground military group that campaigned against apartheid.

  32. Nelson Mandela • In 1964 Mandela was sentenced to life in prison when the ANC was banned and it’s leaders imprisoned. • Mandela became a symbol of freedom. • In 1990 Mandela was finally released from prison • In 1994 Mandela was elected President of South Africa.

  33. South Africa • Another leader who played a role in ending apartheid in South Africa were Archbishop Desmond Tutu. • Tutu along with other leaders were able to convince foreign nations to limit trade with South Africa. • The United Nations placed an arms embargo on South Africa. • The Olympic Committee banned athletes from participation • International businesses left South Africa • Musicians refused to play in Sun City and did benefit concerts for the blacks in South Africa.

  34. Changes • The nonviolent protest began to have an effect on the economy of South Africa. • In 1989 F.W. de Klerk was elected President of South Africa and determined that reform was long past due. • de Klerk • legalized the ANC • Released Mandela • Created a new constitution ending segregation laws • Opened up free elections in 1994

  35. South Africa • In 1993 both Mandela and de Klerk won the Nobel Peace Prize. • In 1994 Mandela was elected President while de Klerk was elected Deputy.

  36. South Africa • Today there are still tensions in South Africa not only between blacks and whites but other ethnic groups.

  37. South Africa • In your small groups you must read the civil protest assignment and answer the questions that go along with the scenarios-First answer the question on your own and then discuss with the group • You need to be honest and realistic with your answers. It is safe to say that you would do or not do something in the safety of a classroom but you must take yourself out of the context of the classroom and into the world around you • On a piece of poster paper write out the answer that your group has come up with for each question • Finally you will pick one person to be a group spokesperson as to what your group would do with each question/scenario

  38. Truth and Reconciliation Commission • The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of apartheid. • Anybody who felt they had been a victim of violence could come forward and be heard • Those who committed violence could also give testimony and request amnesty (freedom) from prosecution. • The TRC was a crucial component of the transition to full and free democracy in South Africa was generally regarded as very successful.

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