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Sensory and Short-Term Memory

Sensory and Short-Term Memory. PSY 421 – Fall 2004. Overview. Sensory Memory (Chapter 3, pp. 102-110) Short-Term Memory (Chapter 4, pp. 134-157) How this fits together with what we have learned and what we will learn. Sensory Memory.

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Sensory and Short-Term Memory

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  1. Sensory and Short-Term Memory PSY 421 – Fall 2004

  2. Overview • Sensory Memory (Chapter 3, pp. 102-110) • Short-Term Memory (Chapter 4, pp. 134-157) • How this fits together with what we have learned and what we will learn

  3. Sensory Memory • Part of the Information-Processing Model of Memory (Atkinson-Shiffrin, 1968) • Visual Sensory Memory (aka: iconic memory) • Partial vs. Whole Report • Visual Masking • Duration Estimation Information/ Stimuli Sensory Stores (one per modality) Short-Term Store Rehearsal Long-Term Store Attention Retrieval

  4. Visual Sensory/Iconic Memory • Precategorical Nature • Iconic Memory – who cares! • Useful if you are reading during a lightening storm • Important for preventing overloading of cognitive system

  5. Auditory Sensory Memory • Echoic Memory • Everyday problem – if we didn’t have echoic memory, would be able to remember the beginning of a sentence said aloud by the time we reached the end? • Partial vs. Whole Report • Modality and Suffix Effects

  6. Partial vs. Whole Report • George Sperling (1960) – how much information could be taken in during a glance of a very briefly presented stimulus? • T-scope presentation for no-fade “screen” refresh • Present matrix for 50 msec • Tone – subjects were to report everything in the matrix (whole report) – 3 to 4 letters typically reported • Partial Report = High tone – subjects were to report top row - 3 of the 4 letters typically reported; mid and low tones too • Duration between presentation and tone was important – more than a quarter of a second, only 50% could be reported A C K L W T P Z Q R D M

  7. Precategorical Acoustic Store • Evidence for • Evidence against

  8. Short-Term Memory (STM) • Also known as Working Memory, primary memory • Set of processes that we use to hold and rehearse information that occupies our current awareness • Is this really different from Long-Term Memory? • Characteristics of STM • Limited Duration • Limited Capacity • Information is coded with auditory characteristics

  9. Forgetting in STM • Decay – loss of information due to the passage of time • Interference – loss of information due to negative influence from the presentation of other information

  10. Working Memory • More elaborate conception of STM • Baddeley and colleagues – primary researchers • Working Memory (WM) is a set of closely interacting subsystems that combine to subserve a hot of higher-level mental processes • Subsystems • Articulatory Loop • Visual-Spatial Sketch Pad • Central Executive – THE system

  11. Articulatory Loop • Phonological Store = holds information temporarily • Subvocal Rehearsal = just what is appears to be • Articulatory Suppression

  12. Visual-Spatial Sketchpad • Responsible for storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information • Seems to work independently from articulatory loop

  13. Central Executive • Articulatory Loop and Visual-Spatial Sketchpad feed into this system • Like the “capacity allocator” of the attentional system • Involved in higher order processing like problem solving and language comprehension

  14. Putting it all together Sensations Perceptual processes Attention Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Working Memory Central Executive Articulatory Loop Visual-Spatial Sketchpad

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