The World of Carbon Chemistry

1. Unit 18 Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry : Carbon Chemistry 1. Carbon is different from all other elements because it forms chains, branches, and rings. Carbon can combine with many different elements such as H, O, N, S, Cl. 2. Over 6 million carbon compounds are known. A new compound is discovered every 10 minutes. 3. Some of the most valuable carbon compounds come from coal, oil, and gas. Other carbon compounds are made into plastics, clothing, food additives, drugs, etc. 4. Most organic compounds DO NOT dissolve in H2O. Organic chemical reactions proceed at slower rates. 5. Over 90% of carbon compounds are synthetic. The rest come from living organisms.

3. Carbon by itself can take on several forms. Graphite is carbon bonded in sheets. Pencils have graphite in them. As you write, the sheets peel off. Diamond is carbon bonded in 4 directions, tetrahedral.

4. Carbon can also be used to create “bucky balls” or “bucky tubes”. Bucky balls have been used to shrink wrap drugs. Bucky tubes although very small (nm range) are stronger than steel.

5. Important classes of Organic Compounds Used for fuel, cosmetics. Antifreeze, drinks Aromas, flavorings, preservatives, sugars Aromas, flavorings, solvents, sugars

8. Ways to show a molecule: • Chemical formula C4H10 • Structural formula • 3. Condensed structural formula

9. Atoms : Colors Hydrogen: yellow Oxygen: red Carbon: black Nitrogen: blue Chlorine: green Bonds Single -one pair of e- Use one wooden peg Double = two pair of e- Use 2 springs Triple three pair of e- Use 3 springs Using the Molecule Model Kits

10. Isomers: Molecules with the same chemical formula, but different arrangement of atoms. With different arrangement of atoms, the properties of the chemicals are different. Small molecules only have one arrangement possible. CH4 Methane C2H6 Ethane

11. Propane, C3H8 has only 1 isomer As molecules get bigger, isomers are possible. C4H10 has 2 isomers.

12. C5H12 has 3 isomers

13. AssignmentFind all 9 Isomers ofC7H16Extra creditFind all 18 Isomers ofC8H18

14. Using the Molecule Model Kits Atoms : Colors Hydrogen: yellow Oxygen: red Carbon: black Nitrogen: blue Chlorine: green Bonds Single -one pair of e- Use one wooden peg Double = two pair of e- Use 2 springs Triple three pair of e- Use 3 springs

15. Naming Organic Molecules • Name root name according to the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain. • Name the suffix according to the bonding, carbon to carbon. • Single bond C – C end with -ane • Double bond C = C end with -ene • Triple bond C C end with -yne • Name substitutions on the main chain before the root name, giving the lowest possible number.

16. Hydrocarbon

17. Name: the following:CH3CH2CH2CH3 Butane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Heptane

18. Group Names Methyl -CH3 Ethyl -CH2CH3 Propyl -CH2CH2CH3 Butyl -CH2CH2CH2CH3 Halides Chloro -Cl Iodo -I Bromo -Br Fluoro -F Prefixes used when more than one group of the same kind is attached di- two substitutes tri- three tetra- four penta- five hexa- six Substitute Naming

19. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbons. That is the main chain, the root name comes from that. Identify all substitutes that are present on the main chain.

20. Number the carbons to give all substitutes the lowest possible numbers. 2,3-dimethylpentane

21. Name the following: • Count the number of carbons in the main chain • Number the carbons to give the substitutes the lowest number possible • Identify the substitutes and how many 2-methyl-hexane

22. Name substitutes in alphabetical order. 2-methyl 3-ethyl Root name 5 carbons: pentane 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

25. Draw the following molecule:3,4-diethyl-5-iodo-4-propyl-2,6,7,7- tetramethyldecane

26. Naming organic molecules containing functional groups Drop the e, add Functional Group Group Name Name ending - O H Alcohol - ol Carboxylic Acid - oic Acid Ketone - one

27. Functional Group Group Name Name endingAldehyde - alDouble bond - ene Triple bond - yne Drop –ane, add

28. Name the following Organic molecules Name the carbon number that the alcohol is attached to. Carboxylic acids will always be on carbon 1. Name the carbon number that the ketone is attached to.

29. Name the following Organic molecules Aldehydes are always on carbon 1 Name the carbon before the double bond

30. Functional groups are given priority. They receive the lowest number possible. Name the following.

32. Fractional Distillation: The process of separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends of differences in the vaporization temperatures of the components.

33. Petroleum has many components that humans use. Each type of molecule will boil off at different temperatures, allowing for the separation of them. The smaller the molecule, the lower the boiling point.

34. Petroleum (oil) was formed by the decomposition of vast quantities of Protista. Especially diatoms which store oil to float. • The US uses about 18,950,000 barrels of oil a day. • We produce about 6,500,000 barrels a day. • The difference is imported from foreign countries. • A barrel of crude oil is 42 gallons. It yields about 38 gallons of fuels such as gasoline, heating fuel, but only 2 quarts of lubricating oil for cars.

35. Motor Oil is designed to help engines run more efficiently. Several ingredients are added. • Anti-wear chemicals • Detergents to prevent dirt from building up on moving parts • Foam inhibitors • Corrosion inhibitors • Dispersants to keep contaminants in suspension • Friction modifiers

36. Oil is designed to provide the proper viscosity. Viscosity is the resistance to flow of a liquid. 10W oil is the thinnest, designed for use in winter. 40W oil is the thickest, designed for use in summer. Multigrade oil contains both thin and thick components for use during any season.

37. Polymers are chemicals made of very long chains of carbon atoms- 1000’s of carbon atoms can be linked together to form macromolecules. Most of the starting molecules come from oil.Examples of uses for polymers that are:Man made are saran wrap, garbage bags, yarn, garden hoses, car tires, park benches, paints, etc.Polymers made from plants are rayon and cotton.Polymer made from animal is silk.

38. Americans use a huge amount of polymers to support our life style. On the bottom of plastic items, there is placed a recycling code to tell you the kind of polymer.

40. There are 2 general reactions used to make polymers. • Condensation polymerization: The molecules are added together, while a molecule of water is removed. • Addition polymerization: The molecules are added together at a double bond.

41. Condensation polymerization: The molecules are added together, while a molecule of water is removed.Polymers of all the main organic molecule types, carbohydrates, lipid, and proteins are made with condensation polymerization.Web page

43. Demonstration of a condensation polymerization

44. Addition polymerization: The molecules are added together at a double bond. Polymerization of polyethylene requires high temperatures and high pressures. Polyethylene is used for plastic bags, garbage bags, etc. In 1978, enough polyethylene was manufactured in the U. S. to supply ever person with 50 pounds of polymer.

46. Drug ChemistryDrugs originate from 3 sources • Natural products • Caffeine • Penicillin • Morphine • Chemical Derivatives from natural products • Ampicillin • LSD • Synthetic • Valium • Benadryl

47. Drugs work on a lock and key model. One key fits one lock One molecule structure will fit in one receptor site.

48. Anesthetics are drugs which prevent neurons from transmitting sensations to the brain. Topical anesthetic numbs the skin Local anesthetic numbs a small area of tissue General anesthetic renders the patient unconscious.The first anesthetic used was diethyl ether, CH3CH2OCH2CH3

49. Modern anesthetics include fluorine containing compounds.One of the earlier ones used is Halothane. It is not used much now, because it causes liver damage.It leaves the body too slow.

50. Modern drugs are designed to leave the body faster with less side-effects. or Suprane