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Central Asia Muslim Countries

Central Asia Muslim Countries. Ms. Mitchell Cultural Revolutions Andover High School. Table of Contents. Turkey Afghanistan Iraq Iran Saudi Arabia Pakistan Syria. Turkey. Stuck Between East and West. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. First President of the Republic of Turkey.

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Central Asia Muslim Countries

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  1. Central Asia Muslim Countries

    Ms. Mitchell Cultural Revolutions Andover High School
  2. Table of Contents Turkey Afghanistan Iraq Iran Saudi Arabia Pakistan Syria

  3. Turkey

  4. Stuck Between East and West

  5. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk First President of the Republic of Turkey
  6. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Rose to power after WWI. Was a military hero at the Battle of Gallipoli—the only Ottoman victory against Allied forces 1919 National liberation struggle 1923 Republic of Turkey First president of the Republic President for 15 years, until his death in 1938
  7. Religious to Secular Ottoman Empire was a theocracy, ruled by a sultan since 1571 Ataturk ordered the National Assembly to turn to a secular state Moved the capital to Ankara
  8. Ataturk’s Reforms Outlawed the fez Banned the veil Allowed women to vote and hold office Banned polygamy Religion of state no longer Islam Muslim calendar replaced by European Latin letters replaced Arabic characters Qur’an translated to Turkish
  9. Dragging Turkey to the Modern World Replaced Sharia (Islamic) Law with secular civil code Converted state owned factories into private Established a rail network Instituted education reforms. Literacy rates rose from 20% to 90%
  10. “For the people, in spite of the people” Ataturk’s Slogan
  11. Continued Tensions Kemalists (secularists) fear democracy will allow religion to rule the state again. Islamists do not want government to overrule Muslim religion. Turkish people feel they have to choose between their religion and their government.
  12. The Veil Today Despite the ban, there was a rise of women wearing head scarves in schools in the 1970s and 1980s. 1984: First widespread application of the ban came into effect. 1997: Laws interpreted to be applied to all educational institutions—not just state owned. All universities must comply. 2000: NurayBezirgan, wore a veil during her final exams in university. Sentenced to six months in ail for “obstructing the education of others.” European Court of Human Rights has upheld the ban several times.
  13. Veil, continued Prime Minister Erdogan won a Parliamentary campaign in 2007 with the promise to end the ban. Feb. 2008: Turkish Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution allowing women to wear the headscarf in university June 2008: Turkish Constitutional Court overrules/annuls the amendment citing it as a violation of the founding principles of the constitution. This decision cannot be appealed. 2010: Headscarves informally permitted. Educational institutions won’t take action against women wearing the veil but still look down upon it.
  14. Turkey and the European Union Applied for admission In a long limbo, waiting to find out Might be up to 10 years before the application is approved (2015) Many perks for Turkey such as open borders, financial aid, etc. All EU participants must unanimously vote to admit Turkey Not looking great as of December 2011 (71% against admission)
  15. Turkey and the EU Pro Cons “Too far” outside Europe Enlargement Issues—if they let Turkey in, who’s next? Austria, Germany, France Key regional power, large economy, second largest military force of NATO Key geographic location for access to resources Sweden, UK

  16. Afghanistan

  17. Geography and People Landlocked. Slightly smaller than Texas Major issue facing the country is a lack of fresh, drinkable water, coupled with overgrazing and desertification. The result is little water to drink or farm and an inability to produce enough food. Kabul = capital 99% Muslim (80 Sunni/ 19% Shite) 97.6% of population under age 65 28.1% literacy rate and schooling expectancy of 7-11 years (female/male)
  18. Government & Economy Universal suffrage at age 18 Mixed legal system of customary, civil, and Islamic law Democratically elected president for 5 year term, option for a second term Pressures on the government: religious groups, tribal leaders, ethnically based groups, and the Taliban One of the lowest living standards in the world
  19. Brief History Founded in 1747 Won independence from Britain in 1919 Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the Communist regime Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 after attacks and pressures from anti-Communist mujahedin rebels US covertly supported the mujahedin (moo-jah-deen) Fell to the Taliban in 1996
  20. Brief History, cntd. After 2001 terrorist attacks on America, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban Adoption of new constitution and National Assembly in 2004. Islamic Republic. 2005—Hamid Karzai first democratically president of Afghanistan 2009—Karzai re-elected
  21. US War in Afghanistan October 2001: Military campaign against targeted terrorist facilities and Taliban military/political assets Operation Enduring Freedom November 2001: Kabul fell Many Taliban leaders fled to Pakistan December 2001: International Security Assistance Force founded by UN Security Council to secure Kabul and surrounding areas 2003—present: Taliban insurgents campaign against Islamic Republic and the presence of ISAF troops May 2012—NATO approves withdrawal plan
  22. US Relations May 2012: US and Afghanistan sign Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America 10 year partnership demonstrating US’ commitment to strengthen Afghanistan’s sovereignty, stability and prosperity Continued cooperation to defeat al-Qaida and its affiliates Major Non-NATO Ally Maintaining of embassies
  23. Soviet War Coming Thursday
  24. The Taliban and al-Qaeda Coming Friday

  25. Iran

  26. Geography and People Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea. Between Iraq and Pakistan Slightly smaller than Alaska Periodic droughts, floods, dust storms, sandstorms, and earthquakes 98% Muslim (89% Shia and 9% Sunni) Median age of citizens is 27.4 years old 77% literate School life expectancy: 13 years
  27. Government Islamic Republic/Theocratic Republic Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-Khamenei (Chief of State) President Mahmud Ahmadi-Nedjad (Ah-ma-din-ih-jad) (Head of Government) President is elected by popular vote Eligible for two consecutive four year terms and a non consecutive term Next election is slated for June 2013 Religious Legal System, Sharia Law Universal suffrage at 18 years old
  28. Economy Economy is reliant on oil; provides the majority of revenues Double-Digit Unemployment and Underemployment Underemployment of young persons has resulted in a “brain drain” 15.3% (2011) unemployment
  29. Brief History Called Persia until 1935 (many American-Iranians, or Iranians living in America, still refer to themselves as Persians) Iranian Revolution in 1979 Overthrowing of the Pahlavi dynasty under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Replacement with Islamic Republic under AyatollaRuhollah Khomeini (leader of the revolution) The Pahlavi dynasty was highly westernized and replaced Islamic laws with western ones. The pendulum swung the other way when the Ayatolla Khomeini came to power
  30. US Relations Iran Hostage Crisis 52 American Diplomats held hostage for 444 days Iranian youths take over American Embassy and take hostages Do not maintain diplomatic relations Issues surrounding Iran’s nuclear program
  31. Present Problems Facing the Region Sex Trafficking of men, women, and children Heroin trade route from Asia to Europe One of the highest opiate addiction rates in the world Refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq Nuclear Weapons 2005 UN Security Council imposed sanctions against Iran US determined in 2009 that Iran could likely not develop nuclear weapons until 2013
  32. Women in Iran 1979-1990 (Since the Revolution…) Islamic dress codes Barred from becoming judges Sex-segregation in sports and at the beach Marriage age reduced to 9 (later raised to 13) Married women cannot attend school regularly “Virginity tests” Women caught disobeying dress codes subject up to 70 lashes or 60 days imprisonment
  33. Women in Iran 1990—Present Day Increase in education and women in the work force Allowed to participate in sports Abortions allowed in very select circumstances “Stop Stoning Forever” campaign “One Million Signatures” campaign

  34. Syria

  35. Geography and People Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea Bordered by Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq and Jordan Slightly larger than North Dakota Arabic is the official language Sunni Muslim is the official religion (74%) and other Muslim sects comprise 16% of the population 61.6% between the ages of 15-64, median age is 22.3 years 79.6% of the population is literate 19.1% unemployment among persons 15-24 years of age
  36. Government According to the CIA the government is a “republic under an authoritarian regime” Capital: Damascus Mixed legal system: civil and Islamic law Universal suffrage at 18 Chief of State: President Bashar al-Asad. Elected in 2000 and then approved for a second 7-year term (no term limits). Was last approved for another term in 2007, with 97.6% of the vote.
  37. Background Gained independence from France in 1946 Series of military coups Joins forces with Egypt in 1958 and briefly the two exist as the United Arab Republic UAR splits in 1961 and Syria is reestablished 1970 Hafiz al-Asad takes power in a bloodless coup. Following his death in 2000, his son, Bashar al-Asad takes over power and is “officially” deemed president by a national referendum
  38. US Relations Economic sanctions began in late 2011 No longer maintain an embassy (effective Feb. 2012) Patriot missiles and US troops in Turkey Threats re: chemical weapons
  39. Civil War Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region (Arab Spring), antigovernment protests broke out in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 Protesters are calling for: the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Government repeal of the Emergency Law and approval of new laws permitting new political parties and liberalizing local and national elections - and force.
  40. Civil War continued Asad will not step down Increase in violence In late 2011 the Arab League, EU, Turkey, and the United States have expanded economic sanctions against the regime October 2012: Lakhdar BRAHIMI, current Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian crisis began meeting with regional heads of state to assist in bringing about a cease-fire. December 2012: fear of sarin gas attacks. Death toll has topped 30,000 since the protests began

  41. Iraq

  42. Saudi Arabia

  43. Pakistan

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