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The Renaissance

The Renaissance. Ponte Vecchio Over the Arno. Denmark. Lithuania (Russia). England. Poland. Low Countries. Holy Roman Empire. France. Ottoman Empire. Italy . Spain. Europe in 1500. The Origins of the Term. 1867 by historian Jakob Burckhardt.

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The Renaissance

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  1. The Renaissance PonteVecchioOver the Arno

  2. Denmark Lithuania(Russia) England Poland Low Countries Holy Roman Empire France Ottoman Empire Italy Spain Europe in 1500

  3. The Origins of the Term 1867 by historian Jakob Burckhardt Met with resistance Other HistoriansDisagreed with the historic period of time and on a distinction of this period from The Middle Ages.

  4. Different from the Middle Ages --- • Fracture point from the Middle Ages • Revival of Classical Learning • Beginning of Modern Age The Key Question? Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

  5. The Italian Advantage • Resurgence of Urban living post 1000 AD • Trade intermediaries from Muslim areasto rest of Europe • Growth of City-States as a result of wealth generated by trade. • Leadership demonstrated their power through artistic displays.

  6. The City-State • Individual regions ruled centrally from a single city. • The struggle between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor for control gave neither control over the city-states. • Given great autonomy. • Had incredible wealth from trade • Five: Papal States, Florence, Naples, Venice, and Milan

  7. Government Structure • Varied from region to region • Southern Italy (The Kingdom of Naples) continued as Monarchies • Milan and Savoy were autonomous Duchies (ruled by Dukes) Savoy is now part of France. • Rome and surrounding areas were Papal States • Venice and Florence were Republics

  8. Savoy

  9. A Cultural Center Emerges …

  10. Venice Most Powerful Economic City-State

  11. Florence Center of the Arts

  12. Florence, 2002

  13. Why Florence? • Center of Tuscany and key to origins of Italian culture in the late Middle Ages • Tuscan language was basis for Italian • Florentine leadership recognized that wealth and power could be represented by support of the arts, philosophy and science.

  14. Cosimo 1389-1464 Wealthy – used wealth to control votes in ‘democratic Florence’ Worked out of public view Platonic Society(intrigued by philosophy) Supported the Arts The d’Medici Family

  15. Lorenzo 1449-1492 Totalitarian Resources into arts But, son was weak leader Florentine Republic followed The d’Medici – part 2

  16. The d’Medici Chapel and Tomb Michelangelo - family artist

  17. The Treaty of Lodi 1454 or, the beginning of the end • Florence, Milan and Naples vs. VeniceJealous of Venetian influence • 1490’s Naples invade Milan • French come to support of Milan • French driven out in 1495 by coalition of Spain, HRE, and other Italian states. • By 1500 both France and Spain are dividing the Italian states. • Pope losses influence by choosing the wrong side politically.

  18. Renaissance Philosophy The End of Scholasticism The educational tradition of the medieval 'schools' (universities) which flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries. It was a method of philosophical and theological enquiry, which aimed at a better understanding of Christian doctrine by a process of definition and systematic argument.

  19. Beginnings of Humanism A doctrine or mode of thought that gives highest importance to human dignity, values, potentials, and achievements. Erasmus Petrarch

  20. Trivium Grammar Logic Rhetoric Quadrivium Geometry Arithmetic Astronomy Music Humanistsand Education All these disciplines were combined to create the Liberal Arts Ends Classical Education focused on teaching Christian Doctrine

  21. Humanism • Medieval • Wrote in stunted kind of Latin • Writing more utilitarian in nature • Writing technical in nature; conveyed information • Renaissance • Wrote in Latin as well as Italian • Wrote to convey ideas, emotion and to persuade • Influenced by Greeks & Romans style and topics • Petrarch “father of humanism”

  22. Humanism • First masterpiece written in Italian was Boccaccio’s The Decameron • Libraries of ancient manuscripts assembled in Florence • Humanists learned Greek to enhance their knowledge as well as their libraries • Humanist writings spread by Guttenberg’s printing press • By 1500, more than 10 million books in print in Europe

  23. Humanism • Renaissance schools attended almost exclusively by males • Renaissance saw the separation of students by age and ability • Because of Petrarch’s influence, students were encouraged to learn moral lessons from the ancients on ideal behavior & values • Books on etiquette began to appear as a result

  24. The Courtier • Written by Baldassare Castiglione (1528) • The ideal courtier should have a varied academic background, solid spiritual training and good physical fitness • The courtier should be able to speak well, dance well, acquit himself well on the athletic field and be able to express himself with the written word

  25. Machiavelli • Florentine Diplomat • Out and then in favor with the d’Medici’s • Wrote The Prince while out of favor in order to prove his worth to the family • Became the hallmark political thesis of the Renaissance.

  26. What policies does Machiavelli suggest for the aspiring leader? The Prince "Hence it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know how to do wrong, and to make use of it or not according to necessity. “ “Because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more audacity (bold, daring) command her. "

  27. The Arts

  28. ArchitectureNew Look - New Technology

  29. In Public Buildings In constructing churches, Renaissance architects no longer used the shape of a cross as a basis for their structures. Instead, they based them on the circle. Believing that ancient mathematicians equated circles with geometric perfection, architects used the circle to represent the perfection of God. Architecture – The Goals

  30. Brunelleschi The Renaissance Architect

  31. Alberti City PlannerSought symmetry

  32. For Private Dwellings In constructing their homes, wealthy people of the Renaissance often adopted a Roman style, building the four sides of their homes around a courtyard. Simple, symmetrical decorations--imitations of classical ones--were applied to the façades of buildings, and some structures also featured columns reminiscent of ancient temples.

  33. MusicNotation … Instruments ….

  34. Visual Art in the Renaissance(Painting and Sculpture) Blends religious andsecular

  35. The Florentine School • Took the first step toward reality in painting. • Mathematical perspective to give the illusion of space. • Human figure looked like real people and inhabited believable space.

  36. Leonardo DiVinciThe Ultimate Renaissance Man PainterInventorScientist

  37. MichelangeloStandard Setter David Painter Sculpture SistineCeiling Pieta

  38. Two Questions to Consider • Did the Renaissance spread beyond Italy?And if it did --- • What differences were there in the Renaissance as it spread from Italy?

  39. Northern Renaissance • More of a blend of old and new - less classic • Much more religious than in Italy • They developed an ethical way of life - provided guidance on personal behavior • Classical and Christian cultures be unified • They had a profound faith in the human intellect • Believed that education improved the person

  40. Humanists in the NorthGermany • Economically advanced • Did not rebel against the Church • Most important inventor of the period –Guttenberg Printing Press

  41. EnglandBorrowed from Other Nations Thomas More • Great English Humanist • Lawyer and official • Henry VIII’s aide- Opposed Henry’s position on divorce • Utopia author • Died for religious beliefs

  42. From Utopia …. For this is one of the ancientest laws among them; that no man shall be blamed for reasoning in the maintenance of his own religion. Utopia, 1516 Did most political and religious leaders agree with this sentiment? Why? Why Not?

  43. England as the center of literature • Edmund SpenserPoet/Faerie Queen • Christopher MarlowPoet/PlaywrightFaustus AND

  44. William Shakespeare 1554-1616

  45. Ben Jonson The Mermaid Tavern Group Volpone “Not of an Age, but for All Time” 1572-1637

  46. The Low Countries • Also exceedingly wealthy from trade and banking • Home to philosophers and artisans • Remained strongly religious • Believed in education as primary to any reform. • Liberal in its political views and philosophy

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