ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT (Burnes, B., 2009)

1. ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT(Burnes, B., 2009)

3. APPROACHES TO CHANGE MANAGEMENT The biggest challenge is: understanding the strategy of the organisation and choose the right approach and managing resistance to change

4. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS The theory and practice of change management draw on number of social science disciplines and traditions – schools of thoughts Individual Perspective School Group Dynamics School Open Systems School

5. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT(Limited to three Schools of Thought) Group Dynamics School Individual Perspective School Open Systems School Behaviourists: Behaviour result of individuals’ interaction with their environment – all behaviour is learnt; individual is passive recipient of external data Organisational change takes place through teams/work groups rather than individuals Organisations is composed of nr of interconnected sub-systems Any change on the part of the system will have impact on other parts of the system Gestalt-Field Psychologists: Individual’s behaviour is the product of environment and reason (mind) – change understanding of yourself and the situation would lead to change in behaviour Change the behaviour according to prevailing practices and norms – What are the roles, norms & values hold by groups It is about achieving overall performance and synergy. Collectively pursue overall business objectives Understanding the org in its entirety

6. INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVE SCHOOL

7. GROUP DYNAMIC SCHOOL • People in organisations work in teams, work groups rather than individuals • Organisational change takes place through teams/work groups rather than individuals • Change the behaviour of individual according to group’s prevailing practices and norms • Individual behaviour is a function of the group environment • Group is in a continuous process of mutual adaptation • Focus change at the group level and concentrate on influencing and changing group’s roles, norms & values hold by groups

8. OPEN SYSTEMS SCHOOL The main perspective of Open System school and its objective: • It makes references to organisation and its entirety • It see organisation as composed of a number of interconnected sub-systems • Any change in one part have an impact on other parts of system and overall performance • Based on a method of describing and evaluating these sub-systems to determine how they need to be changed to improve organisation’s overall functioning • Systems in organisation are seen as open – not in isolation • Open to interact with its external environment • Open internally – various sub-systems interact with each other • Internal changes in one area affect other areas and impact external environment and vice versa Objective: • structure the functions of business in such a way that clearly defined lines of coordination and interdependence, the overall business objectives are collectively pursued. • Emphasis is on achieving overall synergy, rather than on optimizing the performance of any one individual part.

10. Three (3) factors that inform the Open school system Sub-system are interdepend: Alterations in one part of organisation the rest of the organisation Training is a mechanism of change and cannot succeed on its own. Attempting to change individual might not change the organisation – consider other sub-systems • To be successful, organisation must tap and direct the energy and talent of their workforce • Remove obstacles preventing it and provide positive reinforcement which promotes it. • Change norms, rewards, systems, structures etc. from organisational perspective – rather than individual or group perspective

11. PLANNED APPROACH: KURT LEWIN • Planned change:Identify areas needing change, evaluate & bring about change • Planned approach to change is closely associated to the practice of OD (its core) • Concern about resolving conflicts and democratic values • Believed in Improved human conditions • First identify restraining forces, understand group behaviour, map complexity in which behaviour take place • Look at the present status quo • Identify driving forces that should be diminished or strengthened • Determine why people behave the way they do • Look at group dynamics (how groups shape behaviour of its members • What is the nature or characteristics of each group • Three-step model:unfreeze the present (inability to change), moving (creates motivation to learn or adapt) and refreeze (stabilize new behaviour) • People react and adjust when faced with change • Coping cycle: five stages:denial – need for change, defence past practices, discarding past behaviour to adjust, adapt to new ways and internalisation (change seen as normal).

12. PHASES OF PLANNED CHANGE (Bullock & Batten) Organisation exist in different states – go through different processes and change should be planned in different states: • Exploration phase: determine need for change – consultants? • Planning phase: Plan the change, collect information, diagnosis of problem, determine appropriate actions etc. • Action phase: Move the oranisation from the current to desired future state, manage change process, gain support, evaluate implementation activities • Integration phase: After successful implementation, stabilize change to be part of organisation’s normal, everyday operations (refreeze); reinforcement through feedback and reward

13. Incremental model of change (change in degrees/series) • Individual parts of an org deal incrementally and separately with one problem and one goal at a time • It takes long time to change – “muddling through with purpose” • Managers who respond to pressures in their environments, over a time, their organisations become transformed • Change takes place through successive, limited & negotiated shifts Punctuated equilibrium model of organisational transformation • Organisations evolve through long periods of stability (equilibrium periods) that are punctuated by relatively short burst of fundamental change (revolutionary periods) • Revolutionary periods disrupt established activity patterns and install the basis for new equilibrium periods (isolated episodes) • Punctuate : occur at intervals – discontinuities by modifications Continuous transformation model of change • To survive organisations must develop ability to change themselves continuously in a fundamental manner • Change pattern is endless modifications in work processes and social practices • Environment in which organisation operate is changing, and will continue to change, rapidly, radically and unpredictably

14. ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND MANAGERIAL CHOICE • Managers know that central to change process is the choice process: • what to change • when to change • how to change • Change comes in wide variety of shapes and sizes • Therefore, the managers should know and apply: corresponding approaches to strategy development and change management • Managers: Consider the nature of environment in which organisation operates • Planned approach: assume that environment is relatively stable, predictable, controllable • Emergent approach: assume that environment is turbulent, unpredictable and uncontrollable • Principal role of managers and the objective of strategy and change is to align or realign an organisation with its environment

15. THE CHOICE MANAGEMENT-CHANGE MANAGEMENT MODEL Organisational change is viewed as the product of three interdependent organisational processes The choice process (concerned with nature, scope and focus of organisational decision-making) The trajectory process (it relates to org’s past & future direction - is the outcome of it’s vision, purpose & future objectives) The change process (Approaches to change, Mechanisms of achieving change, Outcomes of change) There are groups of elements or forces which interact, clash with and influence each other in subtle or complex ways. All these can have an impact on the decision-making and change management process.

16. THE CHOICE PROCESS

17. THE TRAJECTORY PROCESS • Organisational Vision: • Use various visioning techniques to get different futures and realities to select most favourable one • Not all visions lead to success – create ambitious visions • Comprise of mission, valued outcomes, valued conditions, mid-point goals • Organisational Strategy: • Stream of actions taken to move towards vision • Actions could be planned, driven, delegated and distributed throughout organisation • Must have formal and informal plans as well as planned and unplanned actions • Organisational Change: • Create conditions in which change places • Its only through change that vision and strategy can advance and become reality

18. THE CHANGE PROCESS