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International Workshop on Responsible Consumer Information on Nutrition and Health Claims

Join the 6th Dubai International Food Safety Conference for a workshop on scientific substantiation of health claims made on foods in the EU. Learn about the regulations and guidelines set by the European Food Safety Authority and explore the concept of functional foods. Don't miss this opportunity to understand the importance of accurate and evidence-based nutrition and health claims.

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International Workshop on Responsible Consumer Information on Nutrition and Health Claims

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  1. 6thDubai International Food Safety Conference. Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre (28th Feb to 1stMarch 2011) Workshop 2: International WorkshoponResponsibleConsumerInformationonNutrition and Healthclaims(Venue: Umm Al QuwainRoom. 1stMarch 2011) ScientificSubstantiation of HealthClaimsmadeonFoods in the EU Andreu Palou University of Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBERobn. Palma de Mallorca (SPAIN) andreu.palou@uib.es

  2. Regulation (EC) nº 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on Nutrition and Health Claims made on Foods CORRIGENDA Official Journal of the European Union L 12, 3-18, 18 January 2007 “Nutrition and Health Claims on Food must be substantiated by scientific evidence” (EFSA. European Food Safety Authority)

  3. Regulation (EC) 178/2002The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA): Risk (and benefit) assessment 1. Independent scientific advice,information and scientific andtechnical support for the Community’s legislation and policies in all fields which have a direct or indirect impact on food and feed safety including nutrition2. High levelof scientific excellence, independence and transparency3. Communication----------------------EC and member states:Management

  4. RISK ANALYSIS Process initiation Risk Assessment EFSA Science based Risk Management EC-MSs Policy based Risk Communication DECISIONS EFSA: opinions(assessment and communication) and not decisions Thresholds, authorizations, restrictions, legislation, inspections, sanctions, etc. A system to protect human health and which allows initiatives and progress:“transparency”

  5. The context

  6. “ F O O D Q U A L I T Y ” SAFETY FOOD QUALITY ASPECTS NUTRITION - HEALTH VARIACIÓN CONTROL CULTURAL ASPECTS ECOLOGY SOUSTAINABILITY ETHICS ANIMAL WELLBEING ..... NUTRITION - HEALTH

  7. CONCEPTUAL CHANGES IN NUTRITION/FOOD: Adequate Nutrition • - calories, nutrients • metabolic needs • satisfy hunger • enjoyment SCIENCE Consumer demand Economics Wellbeing Driving forces “Optimal Nutrition” • - Promoting health • - Improving well-being • Reducing risk of illness ‘FUNCTIONAL FOODS’

  8. NUTRITION Milk + calcium Milk + w3 Margarine + plant sterols ... FUNCTIONAL FOODS DRUG FOOD MEDICINES There is a frontier between drugs and food THERAPEUTIC FIELD

  9. NUTRITION Milk + calcium Milk + w3 Margarine + plant sterols ... FUNCTIONAL FOODS DRUG FOOD NUTRACEUTICALS OIL CAPSULES PROTEIN PREPARATIONS THERAPEUTIC FIELD

  10. NUTRITION Milk + calcium Milk + w3 Margarine + plant sterols ... FUNCTIONAL FOODS MEDICINES NUTRACEUTICALS DRUG FOOD OIL CAPSULES PROTEIN PREPARATIONS THERAPEUTIC FIELD

  11. NUTRITION Milk + calcium Milk + w3 Margarine + plant sterols ... FUNCTIONAL FOODS MEDICINES NUTRACEUTICALS DRUG The frontier is not clear and will move.... FOOD OIL CAPSULES PROTEIN PREPARATIONS THERAPEUTIC FIELD

  12. 1. The labelling... must not attribute to any foodstuff the property of preventing, treating or curing a human disease, or refer to such properties....but: The “new” challenges in Nutrition and Food are the CHRONIC DISEASES and all wellbeing aspects that are known to be related with FOOD 46% of total illness and 59% of total deaths in the world (FAO/WHO) Directly related with diet CVD, diabetes, obesity, cancer, osteoporosis,... Increasing impact on health and economics

  13. We knew that malnutrition kills…

  14. …now we know that obesity also kills • Obesity is associated to: • - hypertension • - dislipidemia • - Insulin resistance • - respiratory problems • Type 2 diabetes • CVD • certain cancers • ...

  15. The new perspective:efficacy and health FOOD IS EXPECTED TO BE: “The three most beautiful words that can be said are not “I love you” but “it is benign” Woody Allen SAFE NUTRITIVE PALATABLE THERAPEUTIC PREVENTIVE

  16. Increased consumption of functional foods in Europe Alimarket last news http://www.alimarket.es/noticias/not_frames.php?salto=RJ “…In Spain the functional foods marked is increasing at an anual rate around 15% (>3.000 M€…)”

  17. Confusion: false messages NEW SNACK WITHOUT CHOLESTEROL Marketing and labelling may mislead the consumer A need for a more strict use of health claims made on foods and what foods can bear health claims

  18. Regulation (EC) nº 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on Nutrition and Health Claims made on Foods CORRIGENDA Official Journal of the European Union L 12, 3-18, 18 January 2007 “Nutrition and health claims on food must be substantiated by scientific evidence” (EFSA)

  19. The EU Regulation covers two general types of claims used in the labelling, presentation and advertising of foods : • Nutrition claims:content • (High in fibre, low in salt, low in energy, source of...) • 2. Health claims:effects • Function claims • B) Reduction of disease risk • C) Claims on children growth and development The combination of both with article 10.3 (unspecific health claims)… THE COMBINATION OF NUTRITION + HEALTH CLAIMS

  20. ANNEX (Regulation (EC) nº 1924/2006) Nutrition claims (composition) and conditions applying to them LOW ENERGY A claim that a food is low in energy, and any claim likely to have the same meaning for the consumer, may only be made where the product does not contain more than 40 kcal (170 kJ)/100 g for solids or more than 20 kcal (80 kJ)/100 ml for liquids. For table-top sweeteners the limit of 4 kcal (17 kJ)/portion, with equivalent sweetening properties to 6 g of sucrose (approximately 1 teaspoon of sucrose), applies. ENERGY-REDUCED A claim that a food is energy-reduced, and any claim likely to have the same meaning for the consumer, may only be made where the energy value is reduced by at least 30 %, with an indication of the characteristic(s) which make(s) the food reduced in its total energy value. ENERGY-FREE A claim that a food is energy-free, and any claim likely to have the same meaning for the consumer, may only be made where the product does not contain more than 4 kcal (17 kJ)/100 ml. For table-top sweeteners the limit of 0,4 kcal (1,7 kJ)/portion, with equivalent sweetening properties to 6 g of sucrose (approximately 1 teaspoon of sucrose), applies. LOW FAT A claim that a food is low in fat, and any claim likely to have the same meaning for the consumer, may only be made where the product contains no more than 3 g of fat per 100 g for solids or 1,5 g of fat per 100 ml for liquids (1,8 g of fat per 100 ml for semi-skimmed milk). LOW SATURATED FAT A claim that a food is low in saturated fat, and any claim likely to have the same meaning for the consumer, may only be made if the sum of saturated fatty acids and trans-fatty acids in the product does not exceed 1,5 g per 100 … SOURCE OF [NAME OF VITAMIN/S] AND/OR [NAME OF MINERAL/S] A claim that a food is a source of vitamins and/or minerals…….where the product contains at least a significant amount as defined in the Annex to Directive 90/496/EEC…. … 29 nutritionclaimsauthorized 8 underdiscusion

  21. The EU Regulation covers two general types of claims used in the labelling, presentation and advertising of foods : • Nutrition claims: content • (High in fibre, low in salt, low in energy, source of...) • 2. Health claims: effects • Function claims (Art 13) • Existing claims list(Art 13.3) • New claims added to the list based on new science (Art 13.5) • B) Reduction of disease risk (Art 14) • C) children's development and health (Art 14)

  22. Three key aspects in Regulation (EC) nº 1924/2006: • Nutrition and health claims on food must be substantiated by scientific evidence • 2. Only those foods with an ‘appropriate’ nutrient profile will be allowed to bear claims • 3. intellectual property drawn from research efforts will be protected(5 years) this is going ahead but... Improve health Enhance innovation Effective internal market this is delayed.... R+D estimulation but uncertainty....

  23. The main challenges: 1. HEALTH CLAIMS SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION

  24. COMUNICATION OF BENEFITS: claims should reflect the scientific evidence and should be beneficial 1. Scientific trueness (“The entire truth and nothing but the truth”) Too simple message is wrong while too complex cannot be understood EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1738 SCIENTIFIC OPINION Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and “energy and vitality” (ID 18, 26, 62, 105, 122, 145, 165, 3962, 4054, 4440), “invigoration of the body” (ID 2383, 2386, 2391, 2393, 2409, 2441, 2463, 2488, 3834, 3883), “general health” (ID 1313, 3348, 4182, 4613), “rejuvenation” (ID 3981, 4023), “tonic” (ID 1703, 3462, 3581, 4418), “stimulant” (ID 3190, 3506) and “metabolic benefits” (ID 4438) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061 SUMMARY ….The Panel considers that the claimed effects are not sufficiently defined… The Panel considers that these claimed effects are general and non-specific (do not refer to any specific health claim as required by Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

  25. Article 6 Scientific substantiation for claims 1. Nutrition and health claims shall be based on and substantiated by generally accepted scientific evidence. WHAT DOES IT MEANS IN PRACTICE?

  26. PANEL MEMBERS Jean-Louis Bresson, Albert Flynn (Chair) Marina Heinonen, Karin Hulshof, Hannu Korhonen, Pagona Lagiou, Martinus Løvik, Rosangela Marchelli, Ambroise Martin, Bevan Moseley, Andreu Palou (ViceChair), Hildegard Przyrembel (ViceChair), Seppo Salminen, J (Sean) J Strain, Stephan Strobel, Inge Tetens, Henk van den Berg, Hendrik van Loveren, and Hans Verhagen.

  27. COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 353/2008 of 18 April 2008 establishing implementing rules for applications for authorisation of health claims as provided for in Article 15 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council. (OJ L 109, 19.4.2008, p. 11) COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1169/2009 of 30 November 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 353/2008 establishing implementing rules for applications for authorisation of health claims as provided for in Article 15 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council Official Journal of the European Union (1.12.2009) L 314/34

  28. The guidance presents a common format to assist the applicant in the preparation of a well-structured application. • The application must contain: • Characteristics of the food/constituent. • (b) Proposal for the wording of the health claim, including, as appropriate, the specific conditions of use and a rationale (target; quantity, pattern of consumption as part of a balanced diet…) • c) All pertinent scientific data (published and unpublished, data in favour and not in favour). Data from studies in humans. • Studies in animals or models may be included only as supporting evidence. • d) A comprehensive literature search and review of the data from human studies balance of all the evidence available.

  29. The outcome of each assessment is one of 3 possible conclusions: • A cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of the food/constituent and the claimed effect. • 2. The evidence provided is insufficient (not conclusive) to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of the food/constituent and the claimed effect. • 3. A cause and effect relationship is not established (at most, limited scientific evidence) between the consumption of the food/constituent and the claimed effect.

  30. The following main topics are addressed by the EFSA Panel: • The target group: healthy population • How does the NDA Panel decide whether a health claim is substantiated? • 3. What is the totality of the available scientific data? • 4. What are pertinent studies for substantiation of a claim? • 5. On what basis does the NDA Panel propose wordings of health claims? • 6. To what extent should a food be characterised? • 7. How should the claimed effect be shown to be beneficial? • 8. What is a suitable biomarker for a function and what is a risk factor for the development of a disease?

  31. Target group • The NDA Panel considers that the population group for which health claims are intended is the general (healthy) population or specific subgroups thereof, e.g. elderly people, sports people, pregnant women… • In its evaluation, the NDA Panel considers that where a health claim relates to a function/effect that may be associated with a disease, subjects with the disease are not the target population for the claim, e.g. joint health and osteoarthritis patients. • Applications for claims that specify target groups other than the general (healthy) population are the subject of ongoing discussions with the Commission and Member States with regard to their admissibility.

  32. 2. How does the NDA Panel decide whether a claim is substantiated? All the evidence from the pertinent studies (i.e, studies from which scientific conclusions can be drawn for substantiation of the claim) is weighed with respect to its overall strength, consistency and biological plausibility, taking into account the quality of individual studies and with particular regard to the population group for which the claim is intended and the conditions of use proposed for the claimed effect. Assesing if the specific study group(s) is representative of the target population. While studies in animals or in vitro may provide supportive evidence, human data are central for the substantiation of the claim. There is no pre-established formula as to what type or how many studies are needed to substantiate a claim.

  33. 3. What is the totality of the available scientific data? The totality of data refers to all studies available to EFSA that are considered pertinent (i.e. the studies from which scientific conclusions can be drawn for substantiation of the claim), including those that support the relationship as well as studies showing no effect and/or opposing effects. EFSA uses the references received from the Applicants, Member States, and Stakeholders. In the assessment the Panel may use data which are not included in the references provided if they are considered pertinent to the claim. However, EFSA is not required to search for additional references.

  34. 4. What are pertinent studies for substantiation of a claim? (studies from which scientific conclusions can be drawn for the claim substantiation) Have the studies been carried out with the food/constituent for which the claim is made? Have the human studies used an appropriate outcome (biomarker/risk factor) measure(s)? How do the conditions of human studies relate to the conditions of use? Have the human studies been carried out in a study group representative of the population group for which the claim is intended? To what extent can evidence derived from studies in animals/in vitro support the claimed effect in humans? As human data are central for the substantiation of a claim, particular attention is given to whether the human studies provided are pertinent to the claim.

  35. 5. On what basis does EFSA propose wordings of claims? Only for claims for which a cause and effect relationship has been established, EFSA considers whether the proposed wording reflects the scientific evidence and complies with the criteria laid down in the Regulation (e.g. it should not refer only to general, non-specific health benefits of the food/constituent); if not, EFSA may propose an appropriate wording. It should be noted that the wording adopted by the Commission during authorisation may need to take into account aspects other than agreement with the scientific evidence, e.g. understanding by consumers. Strict agreement with scientific evidence

  36. 6. To what extent should a food/constituent be characterised? There should be sufficient definition of the food/constituent used in the studies provided for substantiation of the claim. Characterisation should be sufficient to allow appropriate conditions of use to be defined and to allow control authorities to verify that the food/constituent which bears a claim is the one that was authorised If the claim is for a specific formulation or fixed combination of constituents, then studies are needed on this specific formulation or combination. EFSA considers whether sufficient information is provided to identify the role of each relevant constituent proposed to contribute to the claimed effect.

  37. 7. How should the claimed effect be shown to be beneficial? The NDA Panel makes a scientific judgement on whether the claimed effect is considered to be a beneficial nutritional or physiological effect. For function claims, a beneficial effect may relate to maintenance or improvement of a function. For reduction of disease risk claims, „beneficial‟ refers to whether the claimed effect relates to the reduction of a risk factor for development of a disease. The claimed effect must be sufficiently defined and needs to be specific enough to be testable and measurable by generally accepted methods. Where a health claim relates to a function that may be associated with a disease, subjects with the disease are not the target for the claim.

  38. The EFSA-NDA Panel considers the extent to which: 1. The food/constituent is defined and characterised ; 2. The claimed effect is defined and is a beneficial nutritional or physiological effect (“beneficial to human health”) ; 3. A cause and effect relationship is established between the consumption of the food/constituent and the claimed effect (for the target group under the proposed conditions of use) ; and, if a cause and effect relationship is considered to be established, whether: 1. The quantity of food/pattern of consumption required to obtain the claimed effect can reasonably be consumed within a balanced diet ; 2. The proposed wording reflects the scientific evidence ; 3. The proposed wording complies with the criteria for the use of claims specified in the Regulation ; 4. The proposed restrictions/conditions of use are appropriate.

  39. Pertinent studies in humans (DBPC) are essential If a cause and effect relationship is considered to be established, to check that: 1. The quantity of food/pattern of consumption compatible within a balanced diet ; 2. The proposed wording reflects the scientific evidence ; 3. The proposed wording complies with the criteria specified in the Regulation ; 4. The proposed restrictions/conditions of use are appropriate.

  40. CAUSALITY? A new parameter for sex education Sir – There is concern in West Germany over the falling birth rate. The graph might suggest a solution that every child knows makes sense. • CONTROLLED INTERVENTION STUDIES IN HUMANS • 2. BENEFICIAL EFFECT • 3. BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY Consequently, it is clear that less STORKS imply less BABIES... Many studies in this category? (1) Fachserie Gebiet und Bevölkerung (Statistisches Bundesamt, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 1984). (2) Bauer. S. & Thielcke, G. Die Vogelwarte31, 183-191 (1982). http://www.timebubble.org/writings/biology.html

  41. HEALTH CLAIMS SUBSTANTIATION: the European situation at present EU REGULATION 1924/2006. Article 13 Health claims other than those referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children's development and health … 3. After consulting the Authority, the Commission shall adopt, in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 25(2), a Community list of permitted claims as referred to in paragraph 1, and all necessary conditions for the use of these claims by 31 January 2010 at the latest. … The Commission has already announced a delay (2012) … 2013….2014 ?

  42. Summary (February 2011) of the 1.745 claims on functions already assessed by EFSA out of 4.637 submissions (ART.13.1) Favourable: around 20% These favourable opinions refer to claims for which there is well established consensus among scientific experts as to their substantiation, e.g. many of the functions of the essential nutrients (vitamins, minerals and essential FAs…), some chewing gums, specific fibres, some foods for special uses... Negative: around 80% 50% due to insufficient characterization (probiotics, botanicals, fibres). Other: ambiguous, non-specific, no benefit (e.g. probiotics “per se”)…

  43. Examples of favorable conclusions of EFSA (Art 13.1) (FUNCTION CLAIMs) The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of VITAMIN K and the maintenance of normal bone and normal blood coagulation The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of NIACIN and normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal function of the nervous system, and maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of VITAMIN B6 and normal protein and glycogen metabolism, normal function of the nervous system, normal red blood cell formation, normal function of the immune system and regulation of hormonal activity. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of VITAMIN B12 and normal red blood cell formation, normal cell division, normal energy-yielding metabolism and normal function of the immune system. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of SELENIUM and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage, normal function of the immune system, normal thyroid function and normal spermatogenesis. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of PHOSPHORUS and normal function of cell membranes, normal energy-yielding metabolism and maintenance of normal bone and teeth. … .. FUTURE: NORMAL vs OPTIMAL ?

  44. Health relation (I) CONTRIBUTES TO (MAINTENANCE OF) NORMAL FUNCTION Acid-base balance Zn 1,5mg Blood Ca concentrations Vit D 0,75ug Blood Cholesterol concentrations ALA 0,3g; LA 3g, Beta-glucanos 3g; Glucomanan 4g Blood clotting Ca 120mg; Vit K 11,25ug Blood formation Folato 30ug Blood pressure EPA/DHA 0,45g Blood vessels Vit C, 12mg Bone Vit D 0,75ug; P 105mg; Zn 1,5mg Mg 56,25mg; Ca 120mg, Mn 0,3mg Vit K 11,25ug Bone function Vit C 12mg Cartilage Vit C 12mg Cell differentiation Vit A 120mg Cell division Vit B12 0,375ug; Vit D 0,75ug; Fe 2,1mg Zn 1,5mg; Mg 56,25mg; Folato 30ug

  45. Health relation (II) CONTRIBUTES TO (MAINTENANCE OF) NORMAL FUNCTION Cell membranes P 105mg Cognitive function Fe 2,1mg; Zn 1,5mg Connective tissues Cu 0,15mg Digestive enzynes Ca 120mg Electrolyte balance Mg 56,25mg Metabolism (energy) Cu 0,15mg; Biotina 7,5ug, VitB12 0,375ug; Tiamina 0,165mg; Ácido pantoténico 0,9mg; P 105mg; Fe 2,1mg; Niacina 2,4mg; I 22,5ug; Mg 56,25mg; Vit C12mg; Mn 0,3mg; Ca 120mg Eyes Vit A 120 ug; Zn 1,5mg Fertility and reproduction Zn 1,5mg Gum Vit C 12mg Hair Biotina 7,5mg; Cu 0,15mg Heart Tiamina 0,165mg Homocysteine metabolism Folato 30ug Hormonal activity Vit B6 0,21mg

  46. Health relation (III): CONTRIBUTES TO (MAINTENANCE OF) NORMAL FUNCTION Immune system Vit B12 0,375ug; Vit B6 0,21mg; Vit A 120 ug; Fe 2,1 mg; Zn 1,5mg; Vit C 12mg; Cu 0,15mg; Folato 30ug Se 8,25ug Iron absorption Vit C 12mg Iron metabolism Vit A 120ug Iron transport Cu 0,15mg Lactose (break down) Lactasa Macronutrient metabolism Biotina 7,5ug Mental performance Ácido pantoténico 0,9mg Fatty acids metabolism Zn 1,5mg Vit A metabolism Zn 1,5mg Mucous membranes Vit A 120ug; Niacina 2,4mg; Biotina 7,5ug Muscle function Mg 56,25mg Muscle function and neurotransmission Ca 120 mg Nerve function Mg 56,25mg Nervous system Tiamina 0,165mg; Vit B6 0,21mg; Vit C 12mg; Biotina 7,5ug; Cu 0,15mg; Niacina 2,4mg

  47. Health relation (IV): CONTRIBUTES TO (MAINTENANCE OF) NORMAL FUNCTION Oxidative damage (protection cell)Zn 1,5mg; Vit C 12mg; Cu 0,15mg; Mn 0,3mg; Se 8,25ug Oral dryness (reduction of) Sugar free chewing gum Oxygen transport Fe 2,1mg Tissue growth (pregnancy) Folato 30ug Protein and glycogen metabolism Vit B6 0,21mg Protein synthsis Mg 56,35mg Red blood cell formation Vit B6 0,21mg; Vit B12 0,375ug; Fe 2,1mg Skin Biotina 7,5ug; Vit A 120ug; Cu 0,15mg; Niacina 2,4mg; I 22,5ug; Vit C 12mg Spermatogenesis Se 8,25 ug Synthesis and metabolism steroid hormones, vit D and others… Ácido pantoténico 0,9mg Teeth Vit D 0,75ug; P 105mg; Mg 56,25mg; Vit C 12mg; Chicle sin azúcar; Ca 120mg; F 0,525mg Thyroid I 22,5ug; Se 8,25ug Triglyceride concentrations EPA/DHA 0,45g Etc, Etc………

  48. IMMUNE SYSTEM: 12mg Vit C; 0,375mg Vit B12; 0,21mg Vit B6; 120mg Vit A; 2,1mg Fe, 1,5mg Zn; 30ug Folato o 8,25ug Se. EYES, VISION: 120mg Vit A; 1,5mg ZN; 250mg DHA o 0,21mg VIT B2 SKIN: 7,5ug Biotina; 0,15mg Cu; 12mg Vit C; 120mg Vit A; 2,4mg Niacina HAIR, NAILS: 1,5mg Zn; 8,25mg Se MUSCLE/BONES/ JOINS…. BLOOD/ CIRCULATIÓN… SLEEP/ CONCENTRATIONN / SEDATION……

  49. Ca Vit D Prot n3 EPA DHA Vit K Se P B3 B6 B12 PUFA ... NATURALLY/NATURAL Where a food naturally meets the condition(s) the term ‘naturally / natural’ may be used as a prefix to the claim. • SELECTION OF HCs • Comparative BIOAVAILABILY • SPECIFIC HCs for brands, specific foods • or food categories • 4. NEW HCs resulting from combination of nutrients • 5. NEW products, new targets Function: CV, bones, metabolism, nervous system, spermatogenesis, blood cells, immunity, oxidative damage, muscle, cell division, skin...

  50. ARTICLE 14 CLAIMS Health claims on reduction of disease risk and to children's development and health Summary of the 292 applications based on new science (Art. 13.5, N=32) and disease risk reduction or related to childrens health (Art.14, N=260) 37 withdrawn 87 adopted 19 favourables

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