Module 6: Exam PRACTICE

1. Module 6: Exam PRACTICE

2. Welcome to Module Six Advances! What: The American Industrial Revolution: a period of change from handmade good to machine made goods When:The late 1700s and early 1800s

3. Changes brought by the Industrial Revolution • Transportation–America experienced innovations to transportation. Canals, roads, and railroads were built. This helped Americans move westward by allowing for faster shipping and travel. • Agriculture (farming)–More efficient farming methods were used. These improvements revolutionized agriculture and made farming a leading commercial industry. • City Growth–The growth of factories led many Americans to move to the cities for factory jobs. Poor planning and infrastructure caused many issues in sanitation and health in the cities. • Factories–When the Industrial Revolution came to America, families looked for employment outside of the home.

4. 6.01 New Gadgets • AmericanIndustrial Revolution - Between 1790 and 1825, manufacturing in America changed the economy. • Americans expanded on developments in transportation, power, and industrial processes. • This Industrial Revolution changed the way goods were made. • Families no longer just produced enough goods for their own use. Americans now traded their labor for goods and cash. Samuel Slater Worked as a mechanic in a textile factory. He memorized the plans of the textile machines. He traveled to New York using a false name and brought the Industrial Revolution to the United States.

5. Resource Proximity : Close to resources like coal and iron needed to power factories. • Ports: Ports are needed to receive raw materials (like as cotton) and shipped finished products. • Capital: Investors called entrepreneurs were willing to invest in the factories and machines. • Workers: Unhappy farm workers created the labor force for the factories. • Waterways: Rivers and streams were available to power the machinery in the factories. • The American Industrial Revolution began in New England

6. INVENTIONS • Inventors revolutionized methods in the textile industry. • This led to time and money savings and more products produced. • The inventions in this industry sparked other inventors to improve in the areas of processes, transportation, and communication.

7. Inventors • Eli Whitney • Cotton Gin: Before the Cotton Gin 1 skilled slave could remove the seeds from 1 pound of cotton per day. After the Cotton Gin was invented, I unskilled slave could remove the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton per day. This made cotton profitable and increased the demand for slaves. • Interchangeable Parts: This process made large quantities of uniform pieces. Interchangeable parts opened the way for producing many different goods through mass production. These advances helped promote the assembly line production.

8. Inventors • Francis Cabot Lowell – Expanded the factory system by putting all stages of making cloth under one roof. This saved on production time, cost, and increased efficiency. George Pullman – Rail sleeping car Samuel F. B. Morse - Telegraph Cyrus Field – Transatlantic cable George Westinghouse – Air brake Sarah E. Goode - Folding cabinet bed Henry Ford- Assembly - line production

9. Quiz time Which answer best describes an advantage of the factory system and assembly line production? [6.01] A.They increased the speed of production and decreased the cost of goods. B. required more skill to use so workers became more educated C. required fewer workers so the cost of manufacturing products was reduced.D. improved working conditions and increased factory worker morale.

10. If you said A, you’re correct. If you did not, please go back and review the content.

11. 6.02 Factory Workers • Early Factories preferred to hire children. • It was cheaper to employ children. They earned 33 – 67 cents per week. • Child Labor was not new. Children had always worked on family farms. • It was not uncommon for entire families to work in a factory just to make ends meet.

12. Factory Conditions • Mills were very loud. • Windows were closed. • Cotton filaments were in air. • Lack of breaks / limited time to eat. • Factory workers worked very long hours for low pay. Average hours per week between 1830 & 1840 = 73.

13. Lowell System • Lowell hired young (15 – 30) unmarried young woman to work in his mill. • Lowell built boarding houses for the young women to live in. • Woman viewed this as temporary job. Chance to get off the farm and for female companionship. • Most worked in the factory for less than 4 years. • Most left because they got married or because the pay, hours, and factory conditions got worse in the 1830s.

14. Quiz time The working condition of the factories during the Industrial Revolution can be described as …? Employees were paid poorly but always worked in safe conditions. Employees worked short hours and had regularly scheduled breaks. Employees worked in comfortable conditions and were paid well Employees worked long hours in sometimes unsafe conditions.

15. If you said D, you’re correct. If you did not, please go back and review the content.

16. 6.03 Growing Cities Reasons for growth of cities in the United States in the 1800s • Factories were built in cities. • Farm workers and immigrants from other countries began moving to cities in search of jobs.

17. Immigrants in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Irish and German Catholic immigrants settled in Philadelphia. • Immigrants brought their culture with them and settled near others with the same language or religion. • built separate churches and schools • Civil societies were formed by different ethnic groups with the goal of helping people find work, housing, and food.

18. Resentment in Philadelphia • City residents, called “nativists”, resented the growing Irish Catholic population. • The nativists perceived the Irish Catholic as different and as competitors for jobs and resources. • In 1844 riots broke out as nativists struck out against the growing Irish Population. These riots became known as the “Nativist Riots”.

19. Philadelphia was one of the first planned American cities. • The plan showed where to build streets, homes, businesses, government, and even parks. • Philadelphia was used as model for many other cities. • Philadelphia had a strong textile industry as well as glass, metal tools, and ships during the 1800s. • factories depended on low-paid, unskilled workers. • The majority of these workers found it very difficult to save enough wages to improve their living conditions.

20. Consequences of overcrowding in the cities: • To accommodate the growing population, tenements or row houses were hastily constructed. • Tenements often lacked running water and sewage. • Without plumbing and sewers, raw waste ran through the streets where people lived and children played. • Diseases like typhus and dysentery were common, passed by closeness to an infected person. • Major cities suffered disease • epidemics throughout the 1700s • and 1800s.

21. Fire Danger in the overcrowded cities: • The origin of the “Great Chicago” fire is still a mystery. • The high winds of the evening carried the embers into the heart of the city. • Eventually, the fire burned itself out, leaving several hundred people dead. • Chicago was rebuilt. Masonry (bricks and stone) and steel were used to rebuild instead of wood. • The use of steel led to the invention of the skyscraper. • 20 years after the fire, the population of • Chicago had tripled.

22. Quiz time Which of the following was NOT a result of overpopulation in cities during the American Industrial Revolution? [6.03] • A. Low-wage workers were difficult to find • B. tenements houses were hastily constructed. • C. Cities suffered disease epidemics • D. Fire was a constant danger.

23. If you said A, you’re correct. If you did not, please go back and review the content.

24. 6.04 A Southern View ! The number of textile mills and other factories in the North increased as a result, The demand for Southern natural resources also increased.

25. South adapts to increased demand for cotton • clearing land for new plantations • building bridges and roads • increasing irrigation (water usage).

26. Resources impacted by the Industrial Revolution in the South Renewable Resources: natural resources that can replace themselves over time through natural processes Examples Trees, air, water, fish Human Impact Human activity can even threaten renewable resources. This happens when human activity interferes with a natural process like the water cycle or the life cycle of fish. Example: the eastern United States lost many forests through agriculture, use of wood for fuel, and building. The native Carolina parakeet lost a great deal of its native habitat. Farmers shot the birds. The birds ate the farms' fruit, seeds, and corn. Corn was a valuable crop for feeding families and livestock. After 1860, sightings of this bird were rare. Scientists believe the Carolina parakeet was extinct by the 1920s.

27. Resources impacted by the Industrial Revolution in the South Non-Renewable Resources: natural resources that cannot replace themselves fast enough to replace what humans use. Examples Fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas minerals Human Impact Industrialization increased the need for fossil fuels in the United States and around the world. In the 1800s, the burning of fossil fuels powered steam engines. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other substances into the air. Trees and other plants help absorb carbon dioxide. Without them, carbon dioxide collects and becomes trapped in the atmosphere. The destruction of forests that began in the 1800s caused air pollution, which continues today

28. South’s Population increases • People bought & cleared land for planting cotton, sugar, corn, & tobacco • Slaves bought by those who could afford them. 3/4 of Southerners did NOT own slaves. • Most of South were Yeoman farmers: owner & subsistence farmer or small farms

29. A Changing South Quiz time During the late 1800s, how did the factory owners in the North feel about the people in the South? A. Northern factory owners and Southerners did not get along. B. They did not interact with one another in terms of business. C. Factory owners were dependent on Southerners for resources. D. Many factory owners tried to attract Southerners to work for them.

30. If you said C, you’re correct. If you did not, please go back and review the content.

31. Quiz time What did people in both the North and the South have in common during the late 1800s? A. People increased their use of both renewable and non-renewable natural resources. B. Factories, railroads, and industry were more important to the economy than agriculture. C. Both groups of people understood that they needed to take care to protect natural resources. D. People cut down forests for farming land, as it was the most important part of the economy.

32. If you said A, you’re correct. If you did not, please go back and review the content.

33. Quiz time Scientists know that burning fossil fuels for factories creates air pollution. What happened during the 1800s that made air pollution even worse and long lasting? A. growing crops which required lots of water B. moving many people into dense areas C. burning wood for heating in homes D. cutting down trees at the same time

34. Florida and the Industrial Revolution Florida’s economy was based on agriculture. The Kingsley Plantation Fort George Island The Kingsley plantation used the "task" system, which allowed slaves to work at a craft or tend their own gardens once the specified task for the day was completed and to keep the profit of anything they produced. Mr. Kingsley married a woman, Anna, he bought as a slave. He freed her along with their children. Mr. Kingsley left the plantation to Anna in his will. She fought to maintain control of the plantation after his death.

35. Florida and the Industrial Revolution Florida had a hard time attracting settlers because of the heat and mosquitos. Mosquitos carry malaria, a deadly disease. John Gorriewas a Florida doctor that invented an ice machine to cool rooms and keep his patients more comfortable in 1835. John Gorrieis considered the father of modern day air conditioning.

36. The Second Seminole War: removal of Native Americans from Florida Territory • Osceola - Seminole warrior who fought against the U.S. efforts to remove his tribe’s people from Florida. Died in jail at Fort King during the Second Seminole War. • Seminoleswere raiding settlements in Florida and attacking U.S. troops. • General Thomas Jesup - The third U.S. Army general assigned to Florida territory during the Second Seminole War. Captured the rebel Osceola in north central Florida. • Wiley Thomson: Indian agent sent by U.S. to help negotiate a removal treaty with the Seminoles. Supported the removal treaty & had Osceola put in jail at Fort King. • Billy Bowlegs - led my people to southwestern Florida. Went to Washington, D.C., but still resisted removal. Later move to Indian territory. • Osceolarefuses to sign treaty. • Wiley Thomson was killed by Seminoles

37. 6.05 JacksonianDemocracy  Election of 1824 • Four candidates split the popular vote as well as the electoral vote with no candidate winning an absolute majority. • The members of the House of Representatives had to vote to determine the winner. • Andrew Jackson was not their final choice. • They voted for John Q. Adams.

38. Electoral College: a group of electors from each state that meets every four years to vote for the president of the United States. The Electoral College was used because The Founding Fathers did not think that Americans were knowledgeable enough to vote for the president directly. . 12th Amendment: gives the House of Representatives the task of picking a president when no candidate wins a majority of the electoral votes. When the House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as President, Andrew Jackson claimed a “corrupt bargain” had been made.

39. The Corrupt Bargain: When Adams was chosen to be president, Andrew Jackson claimed that John Quincy Adams had offered to make Henry Clay , a powerful Congressman, Secretary of State if he would use his influence in the House of Representatives to help him get elected. President John Q. Adams: • John Quincy Adams was an unpopular President. • He believed that the national government should invest in internal improvements (roads and canals). • He believed the national government should invest in a national university and observatory. • The states did not like his ideas. • They feared the national government would become too powerful.

40. The Election of 1828 The election results highlighted divisions forming in the nation, called sectionalism - a political loyalty to ones state or region. Jackson had the votes of the people in the South and the western frontier areas People in the Northeast supported Adams.

41. Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States • Andrew Jackson was elected as the United States 7th President. Jackson was a Democrat-Republican and was popular with the people. • Jackson's presidency was called the "Age of the Common Man."

42. Jacksonian Democracy • He wanted to limit the power of the national government, giving more power to the states. • He also favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution, preventing the government form interfering with business. • President Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The Indian Removal Act required all Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River. • The Tariff of 1828 was a tax on imported goods, a law that reflected the growing sectionalism. • Jackson took on both the National Bank and the Supreme Court (Bank War, and McCulloch v MD) • Andrew Jackson served two terms as president.

43. Quiz time Which of the following explains why the Electoral College was used to determine who was President during Andrew Jackson's era? [6.05] Physical barriers prevented many people from being able to reach the polls to vote. The Founding Fathers did not think that Americans were knowledgeable enough to vote for the president directly. The Supreme Court ruled that selecting the president by popular vote was unconstitutional. It prevented Americans from voting for candidates that did not meet all of the requirements.

44. If you said B, you’re correct. If you did not, please go back and review the content.

45. Quiz time Use the following text from the Twelfth Amendment to answer the following question: The person having the greatest Number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. Which answer best explains why the Twelfth Amendment was needed in the election of 1824? [6.05] The election included more than three presidential candidates. The electoral vote did not result in a clear winner of the presidential election. The vice presidential election had to be thrown out because of fraud at the polls. The Electoral College was disbanded because of questionable voting results from the states.

46. If you said B, you’re correct. If you did not, please go back and review the content.

47. 6.06 War on the Bank • Andrew Jackson is president of the United States • The Federal government needs money because they spent so much on the War of 1812 • Federal Government opens up a National Bank and puts one in Maryland • Maryland not happy about the Federal Government competing with their State bank. • Maryland takes the Federal Government (McCulloch) to the Supreme Court to try and get the Federal Bank out of Maryland.

48. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Established a precedent for the relationships between the federal government and the state governments. • Stated that the federal government had powers the Constitution did not list, known as implied powers. • implied powers granted Congress the constitutional right to establish a national bank. • states had the power to tax within their borders. • States did not have the power to tax a federal establishment. Maryland’s decision to tax the national bank was an attempt to destroy the bank. The state challenged the supremacy of federal power.

49. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Ogdenthought that the state’s right to regulate navigation was not part of the federal Commerce Clause. • Gibbons thought that the federal government had the right to regulate interstate trade. • The Supreme Court unanimously (6–0) ruled in favor of Gibbons and the federal government. • Case important because it established a precedent for the Congress to override a state law when it conflicts with a federal law. • extended the definition of commerce to include navigation. States could not pass commerce laws in direct conflict with federal law. • The case has an economic impact as well, because the decision allows the federal government some control over trade within and across state borders. vs

50. The Nullification Crisis • Federal Government passes tariff (tax on imported goods) • The tax is good for the North’s economy but bad for the South’s economy. • 1832 South Carolina declares both the Tariff of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional. Want them Nullified (to make legally canceled) • South Carolina says they will not enforce the tariffs and will secede if the federal government tries to enforce it. • They begin to prepare state militia in case of attack. • South Carolina backs down when President Jackson request permission to use the Army to enforce the law. South Carolina