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Enlightened Monarchs and European Wars: The Transformative 18th Century

Explore the reign of enlightened rulers, wars, and social changes across European states in the 18th century. Learn about the rise of enlightened absolutism, impactful leaders like Louis XV, George III, and Frederick II, key wars such as the Seven Years' War, and societal shifts including population growth and new finance methods.

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Enlightened Monarchs and European Wars: The Transformative 18th Century

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  1. Chapter 18 The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

  2. p. 542

  3. The European States • Enlightened Absolutism? • Natural Rights • Characteristics • Declaration of Independence • Enlightened rulers • How they were to rule • The Atlantic Seaboard States • France: The Long Rule of Louis XV • Rules 1715-1774 • 1743 decides to rule alone • Louis XVI, 1774-1792

  4. p. 544

  5. p. 546

  6. Chronology, p. 547

  7. Great Britain: King & Parliament • United Kingdom of Great Britain, 1707 • Ministers chosen by the king to make • Set policy and guide Parliament • Parliament has legislative power • Makeup of Parliament • Hanoverians – George I, 1714-1727 and George II, 1727-1760 • Robert Walpole, 1721-1742, prime minister • William Pitt, the Elder • George III, (1760-1820) • William Pitt, the Younger

  8. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe • Prussia: The Army and The Bureaucracy • Frederick William I, 1713-1740 • General Directory • Highly efficient Bureaucracy • Army • Junkers • Frederick II, the Great, 1740-1786 • Well educated • Enlightenment thought • Reforms: Law code, Civil liberties • Socially and politically conservative • Use of the Army • Expansion

  9. Map 18-1, p. 547

  10. p. 549

  11. The Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs • Empress Maria Theresa, 1740-1780 • Austria culturally divided • Practical reforms but conservative • Joseph II, 1780-1790 • Reforms • Abolishes serfdom • New penal code • Reforms overwhelming

  12. p. 549

  13. Russia Under Catherine the Great, 1762-1796 • Reform – Instruction, 1767 • Strengthens landholders at expense of serfs • Rebellion of Emelyan Pugachev, 1773-1775 • Territorial expansion • Poland • General Thaddeus Kosciuszko

  14. p. 552

  15. The Mediterranean World • Philip V • Portugal • Marquis of Pombal • Italian States • Bourbons of Spain • Scandinavian States • Charles XII • King Gustavus III • KingChristian VII

  16. Chronology, p. 552

  17. Map 18-2, p. 553

  18. Enlightened Absolutism Revisited • Only Joseph II sought radical changes based on Enlightenment ideas • Political and social realities

  19. Wars and Diplomacy • European rivalries • The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • A world war? • Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763 • Diplomatic Revolution • European War • Indian War • Robert Clive (1725-1774) • North American War • William Pitt the Elder • British victory

  20. Chronology, p. 553

  21. Map 18-3, p. 555

  22. p. 556

  23. Economic Expansion & Social Change • Population and Food • Population Growth • Falling death rate • Improvements in diet • Ideal growing conditions • New crops • Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns • Nuclear family • Late marriages • Limits on the birthrate • New Methods of Finance • National debt • National Banks • Cottage industry for textiles

  24. Chronology, p. 556

  25. p. 560

  26. p. 562

  27. p. 562

  28. p. 564

  29. The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century • Patterns of society • Forces of change • The Peasants • General situation • Compulsory services • Importance of the village • Domination by wealthy landowners • The Nobility • Privileges of the nobility • Military service • Moving into the ranks of the nobility

  30. p. 568

  31. p. 568

  32. p. 568

  33. p. 568

  34. Inhabitants of Towns and Cities • Townspeople still a minority of the population • Importance of towns • Centers of culture • Urban oligarchy • Middle class • Petty bourgeoisie • Laborers • Sanitation and poverty

  35. p. 570

  36. Timeline, p. 573

  37. Discussion Questions • How did enlightenment ideas help form Enlightened Absolutes in Europe in the 18th century? • What do you think are the reasons for the rise of enlightened monarchs in Central Europe? • Who was Frederick II and what was his impact on the history, culture and laws of Europe? • What started the Seven Years War? How did the war progress and ultimately who won? • What were some of the changes in social order in the 18th century? • Where did Poland go?

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