John F. Kennedy

1. John F. Kennedy 35th President 1961-1963 The citizens of the world should join together to “struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself”. “Ask not what your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country.”

2. Born May 29, 1917 in Massachusetts 2nd of 9 children Wealthy, Catholic, Irish-American family Attended Harvard 1941- enlisted in the Navy 1942-1943- serves on & commands a “PT boat” in the South Pacific Aug. 1943- his PT boat is rammed by a Japanese destroyer and most of the crew was rescued. JFK receives the Purple Heart. *Don’t write*Background

3. 1946- JFK elected to the House of Representatives (will serve 3 terms) 1952- JFK elected to the Senate 1953- JFK marries Jacqueline Bouvier (will have 3 children- 2 lived: Caroline & JFK Jr.) *Don’t Write*Background continued…

4. Nomination and election of 1960 • Selects Lyndon B. Johnson as his V-Pres. running mate • Promises a New Frontier - “We stand today on the edge of a new frontier. The new frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises--it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them....”

5. First televised debates for presidential nominees John F. Kennedy vs. Republican Vice Pres. Richard Nixon T.V. viewers give JFK the win, while radio listeners give Nixon the win. Election of 1960- Televised Debates http://www.history.com/videos/the-first-jfk-nixon-debate#the-first-jfk-nixon-debate

6. JFK wins by a narrow margin At 43 yrs. old, he is the youngest and the first Catholic to be elected President. 1961- established the Peace Corps- promote cultural understanding & to provide support to developing countries Election of 1960 and first action as President

7. Cold War events • Bay of Pigs invasion • Space program • JFK meets Khrushchev in Vienna • Berlin Wall construction begins • Cuban Missile Crisis • JFK visits West Berlin • JFK ratifies Nuclear Test Ban

8. Bay of Pigs • unsuccessful invasion of Cuba on April 17, 1961, at Playa Girón (the Bay of Pigs) by about two thousand Cubans (trained by the CIA) who had gone into exile after the 1959 revolution (when Fidel Castro took power). • Cuban army troops pinned down the exiles and forced them to surrender within seventy-two hours. • The Eisenhower administration planned the Bay of Pigs attack and after some hesitation, President John F. Kennedy allowed it to go forward. • At first, the State Department denied any direct links to the exiles. President Kennedy assumed full responsibility for what he admitted was a mistake. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=19C84995-57DC-4582-90E6-9E100FE8A61A http://www.history.com/videos/bay-of-pigs-invasion-no-secret#bay-of-pigs-invasion-no-secret

9. On February 20, 1962, Lieutenant Colonel John Glenn became the first American astronaut to orbit the earth. It was a five-hour orbital flight. http://www.history.com/videos/john-glenn-orbits-the-earth#john-glenn-orbits-the-earth JFK set a goal to get a man on the moon by 1970 http://www.history.com/videos/jfk-sets-goal-for-man-on-moon#jfk-sets-goal-for-man-on-moon JFK and the Space Program

10. In a letter delivered to Khrushchev in March, Kennedy proposed the two leaders meet for an informal exchange of views. the summit did not go well. Khrushchev took a particularly harsh stance over Berlin. In addition to Berlin, Kennedy later told reporters, Khrushchev had berated him on a wide range of Cold War issues, including “wars of national liberation” and nuclear weapons. “I never met a man like this,” Kennedy said. “[I] talked about how a nuclear exchange would kill 70 million people in 10 minutes, and he just looked at me as if to say, ‘So what?’” At their final meeting, Kennedy sought to improve the chilled atmosphere over Berlin. “It is up to the U.S. to decide whether there will be war or peace,” Khrushchev said. “Then, Mr. Chairman,” Kennedy responded, “there will be war. It will be a cold winter.” JFK meets Khrushchev in Vienna- June 3, 1961 *write underlined part only!*

11. CSWK/HMWK • P. 845 3, 4, 6, 8 • P. 851 3, 5, 6, 7

12. Berlin Wall construction begins • b/w 1949 and 1961, about 2.5 million East Germans fled from East to West Germany, including steadily rising numbers of skilled workers, professionals, and intellectuals. Their loss threatened to destroy the economic viability of the East German state. • In response, East Germany built a barrier to close off East Germans' access to West Berlin (and West Germany). The Berlin Wall, was first erected on the night of August 12–13, 1961. • The original wall, built of barbed wire and cinder blocks, was subsequently replaced by a series of concrete walls (up to 15 feet high) that were topped with barbed wire and guarded with watchtowers, gun emplacements, and mines. http://www.euinfrastructure.com/media/article-images/berlinwall.html

13. Berlin Wall http://www.history.com/videos/kennedy-responds-to-berlin-wall#kennedy-responds-to-berlin-wall • By the 1980s this system of walls, electrified fences, and fortifications extended 28 miles through Berlin, dividing the two parts of the city, and extended a further 75 miles around West Berlin, separating it from the rest of East Germany. • The Berlin Wall came to symbolize the Cold War's division of East from West Germany and of eastern from western Europe. • About 5,000 East Germans managed to cross the Berlin Wall (by various means) and reach West Berlin safely, while another 5,000 were captured by East German authorities in the attempt and 191 more were killed during the actual crossing of the wall. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=90644E37-FF16-4B2A-AE1B-2223201AEC72&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US http://www.history.com/videos/history-rocks-the-berlin-wall

14. a tense, 13-day political and military standoff over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba JFK made a decision to start a naval blockade around Cuba & made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. U.S. agreed to Khrushchev's offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey. Cuban Missile Crisis- Oct. 1962 http://www.history.com/videos/russia-withdraws-cuban-missiles

16. JFK visits West Berlin- June 1963 JFK ratifies Nuclear Test Ban- Aug.1963 b/w US, GB, SU prohibits nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space allows underground nuclear tests as long as no radioactive debris falls outside the boundaries of the nation conducting the test pledges signatories to work towards complete disarmament, an end to the armaments race, and an end to the contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. Some of JFK’s final actions *write underlined only!* http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/berliner.htm

17. Assassination of JFK • Nov. 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas • Lyndon Johnson becomes President Lee Harvey Oswald http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D397BFEE-C6F2-4259-A60E-F29DBA04B240&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

19. JFK and Civil Rights Movement • I will have an intern from the University of Montevallo in my class March 29-April 2. • Ms. McCandless will be covering JFK and the Civil Rights Movement during her week in my class.