CHAPTERS 9 AND 10

1. CHAPTERS 9 AND 10 A New National Identity and The Age of Jackson

2. Chapter 9RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT • Spring 1817 • U.S. and British Canada wanted to keep their navies and fishing rights on the Great Lakes after the War of 1812 • Limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the U.S. and British Canada

3. CONVENTION OF 1818 • Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at 49⁰N latitude as far west as the Rocky Mountains • Both countries agreed to occupy the Pacific Northwest together

4. JAMES MONROE • 5th President of the U.S. • Elected in 1816 • Sent troops to secure the U.S.-Spanish Florida border • Seminole tribe raided U.S. settlements and helped runaway slaves • Troops led by general Andrew Jackson • Jackson’s troops invaded Florida → led to the First Seminole War

5. ADAMS-ONIS TREATY • Jackson’s presence in Florida convinced the Spanish to negotiate • 1819 – treaty settled all border disputes between U.S. and Spain • Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. • U.S. gave up claims to modern-day Texas

6. SIMON BOLIVAR • 1820s - led struggles for independence in Latin America • Monroe grew worried that European powers might want to colonize new Latin American countries

7. MONROE DOCTRINE • December 2, 1823 – document protected American interests • U.S. would not interfere in European wars or conflicts • Western Hemisphere off-limits to colonization by foreign powers (Latin America was in U.S.’s sphere of influence) • If Europe tried to colonize land in the Western Hemisphere, the U.S. would consider it to be a hostile act

8. NATIONALISM • Feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation

9. AMERICAN SYSTEM • Representative Henry Clay (Kentucky) believed a strong national economy would boost morale • Developed a plan designed to make the U.S. more self-sufficient: • National bank that would provide a single currency to make interstate trade easier and to finance roads and canals

10. HENRY CLAY (To fuel your nightmares)

11. CUMBERLAND ROAD • Congress agreed with Clay and invested in road building • 1815 - This road was the first road built by the federal government • It ran from Maryland to West Virginia

12. ERIE CANAL • 1817 – man-made waterway that ran from Albany to Buffalo, NY • British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the entire canal by hand using shovels • Allowed goods and people to move between NYC and towns on Lake Erie • Canal-building boomed across the nation

13. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • 1815 to 1825 • Time of peace, pride, and progress • National unity and power of the federal government strengthened by 2 Supreme Court cases: • McCulloch v. Maryland – implied powers allowed Congress to create a national bank • Gibbons v. Ogden – states could not prevent the federal government from regulating interstate trade

14. SECTIONALISM • Disagreements between the different regions of the country • Missouri applied to enter the Union as a slave state • Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states • Another slave state would have made the South stronger in the Senate

15. MISSOURI COMPROMISE • Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state • Maine would join as a free state • Equal balance between free and slave states was maintained • Slavery would be prohibited (not allowed) in any new territories or states for north of 36⁰30' latitude (Missouri’s southern border)

16. ELECTION OF 1824 • Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes but not enough electoral votes to take office • The House of Representatives had to choose the winner • John Quincy Adams was chosen as the 6th President • Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams made a corrupt bargain with Clay

17. Chapter 10HOPE FOR CHANGE • Many Americans felt power was held too strongly by a small amount of wealthy • Small farmers, frontier settlers, and slaveholders backed War of 1812 hero, Andrew Jackson • They believed he would defend the rights of the common people and slave owners

18. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Period of expanding democracy in the 1820s and 1830s • More white males were granted suffrage (the right to vote); people became more involved in politics • BUT free blacks were excluded from voting • Nominating conventions – political party members choose party’s candidates

19. ELECTION OF 1828 • Jackson’s supporters formed the Democratic Party • People who backed John Quincy Adams formed the National Republican Party • Jackson won the election of 1828 and became our 7th President • John C. Calhoun was his VP

20. SPOILS SYSTEM • Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters • Jackson rewarded some of his supporters with government jobs

21. THREE REGIONS EMERGE

22. STATES’ RIGHTS DOCTRINE • John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest • Congress should not favor one state over another • Doctrine said since states formed the federal government, federal government should have less power

23. NULLIFICATION CRISIS • Calhoun believed that states had the right to nullify (reject) and federal law they judged to be unconstitutional • Daniel Webster argued welfare of nation should override concerns of individual states • South Carolina passed the Nullification Act • SC threatened to leave the Union if the federal government collected tariff duties • Jackson and Congress passed the Force Bill which would allow the President to use the army to put down a rebellion

24. JACKSON ATTACKS THE BANK • Jackson did not always support greater federal power • He opposed the Second Bank of the U.S. (1816) • He believed it was unconstitutional – states should have the power to control banking system

25. McCULLOCH VS. MARYLAND • Maryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the National Bank’s operations • James McCulloch (cashier of the Bank in Maryland) refused to pay • Supreme court decided the National Bank WAS constitutional

26. WHIG PARTY • Political party formed in 1834 • Favored a weak president and a strong Congress • 1837 – Martin Van Buren (Democratic Party) became our 8th President since the Whigs could not agree on a candidate

27. PANIC OF 1837 • Nation faced a severe economic depression • People blamed Van Buren BUT Jackson’s banking policies did contribute to the panic by causing inflation by having states print an oversupply of paper state-bank notes • 1840 – Whigs united, and William Henry Harrison (Whig Party) became our 9th President

28. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT • 1830 – Congress authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West • Native Americans relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) • Bureau of Native American Affairs set up by Congress to manage Indian removal

29. CHEROKEE RESISTANCE • Many Cherokee Indians adopted white culture to protect themselves • BUT when gold was found on their land in Georgia, militia attacked towns • Cherokee sued the state • Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was independent of Georgia’s laws, but not the federal government • Georgia ignored the ruling, and Jackson took no action to enforce it

30. TRAIL OF TEARS • 1838 – President Jackson authorized American troops to remove all Cherokee and relocate them to the Indian Territory • Cherokee were forced to march for 800 miles • They suffered from hunger, disease, and harsh weather • One-fourth of 18,000 Cherokee died

31. OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN RESISTANCE • Black Hawk led Fox and Sauk Indians in Illinois against U.S. officials, but were forced to leave by 1850 • Osceola led Seminole forces and fought against American military • 4,000 Seminole were killed, but eventually American forces gave up fighting