LAUE – A gamma-ray lens project Science Requirements

1. LAUE – A gamma-ray lens projectScience Requirements F. Frontera Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

2. Main contributors • Vito Carassiti, INFN, Sezione di Ferrara • Federico Evangelisti, INFN, Sezione di Ferrara • Filippo Frontera, UNIFE • Cristiano Guidorzi, UNIFE • Gianluca Loffredo, UNIFE • Stefano Squerzanti, INFN, Sezione di Ferrara • Enrico Virgilli, UNIFE Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

3. Organization of the presentation • Importance of the hard X-/soft gamma-ray astronomy • Goals of the Laue project; • Project science requirements: • Source; • Beamline; • Final collimator • Crystals • Petal frame • Assembling crystals in the petal • Focal plane detector system • GSE Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

4. FACILITY LAYOUT (I) • The facility will be installed in the Ferrara LARIX tunnel • The main parts needed for the assembly (see next slide) are the following : • Source (Betatron) generating the beam at the needed energy • Beam line consisting of a vacuum tube reducing the beam adsorption and the scattering • Collimator adjusting the beam dimension to the crystal size • Lens robotized assembly set up; due to the high geometrical precision required , the lens will be fixed on the assembly frame and won’t move during the assembly operations • Detector giving the crystal orientation at the focal length Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

5. FACILITY LAYOUT (II) LEAD SHIELD BEAM LINE (VACUUM TUBE) COLLIMATOR SOURCE (BETATRON) DETECTOR LENS ASSEMBLY ZONE TUNNEL Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

6. BETATRON MOTION SYSTEM (I) • The beam irradiates the crystals one by one . The lens is fixed and the betatron needs the followings motions (see figure of the next slide) covering a lens sector of 600x600 mm^2 surface : • Translation along Y axis • Translation along Z axis • rotation around Y axis • rotation around Z axis • The exit beam is collimated by a calibrated hole made on a lead 50 mm thick plate • Close to the betatron a fixed lead 150 mm shield is needed against the emitted radiation ; the opposite side of the tunnel needs a 65mm lead sliding door Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

7. BETATRON MOTION SYSTEM (II) Z AXIS Y AXIS X AXIS (BEAM AXIS) BETATRON DETECTOR Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

8. BEAMLINE • The beam line is a cylindrical volume in which the photons move from the source to the lens • The cylindrical volume is given by stainless steel tubes ( 20 m total length) 600 mm in diameter • Each tube is 3 m length and equipped with a vacuum pumping system ; the vacuum required is 1 mbar on the whole beam line • A bellow each 3 tubes allows the alignment and compensate the variation in length of the line • Two windows at both the end of the beam line withstand the load given by the atmospheric pressure . The material budget is reduced using carbon fiber (1-2 mm thickness) Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

9. COLLIMATOR MOTION SYSTEM (I) • The collimator allows the control of the beam dimension : the beam irradiates the crystals of the lens one by one , covering an area as big as the crystal or less . The following motions are needed (see the figure of the next slide): • Translation along Y axis • Translation along Z axis • Rotation around Y axis • Rotation around Z axis • Rotation around X axis • The beam dimension control is given by crossing slats adapting the hole dimension to the crystal/lens requirements Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

10. COLLIMATOR MOTION SYSTEM (II) Z AXIS COLLIMATING HOLE Y AXIS X AXIS (BEAM AXIS) BETATRON DETECTOR Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

11. DETECTOR MOTION SYSTEM (I) • The detector (see next slide) needs the following motions : • Translation along Y axis • Translation along Z axis • Translation along X axis • Rotation around Y axis • Rotation around Z axis • Rotation around X axis • The X translation moves the detector from the focus to the lens • The Y, Z translations and X, Y, Z rotations determinate the average plane of the crystals Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

12. DETECTOR MOTION SYSTEM (II) DETECTOR Z AXIS Y AXIS X AXIS (BEAM AXIS) BETATRON DETECTOR Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

13. Key goals of future γ-ray observations (>70/100 keV) • Study of matter under extreme conditions: • Physics in the presence of super-strong magnetic fields (magnetars); • Precise role of the Inverse Compton in cosmic sources (e.g., AGN, GRBs); • Precise role of non-thermal mechanisms in extended objects (e.g., Galaxy Clusters); • Origin and distribution of high energy cut-offs in AGNs spectra; • Origin of Cosmic X-ray diffuse background (CXB). Synthesis models require a spectral roll-over with EF = 100-400 keV of the contributing source population, that is still unidentified. • Determination of the antimatter production processes and its origin from the detection of annihilation lines. • Study of the violent Universe: • Origin and emission mechanisms in cosmic explosions (e.g. SNIa) from the detection and study of nuclear lines; Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

14. Final Goal • Development of a new generation of gamma-ray telescopes with: • sensitivity up to two-three orders of magnitude better than INTEGRAL at the same energies. • a much better (≤ arcmin) imaging capability • A Gamma Ray Imager Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

15. Importance of a Gamma Ray Imager • The importance of a Gamma Ray Imager is mentioned: • In the ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Document (BR-247); • In the “Astronet Infrastructure Roadmap” document (p.37), that completes the Document “A science vision for a European Astronomy” prepared by the ASTRONET Team:“Further development of existing and new technologies should be encouraged in these areas in order to fully address the challenges set out in the Science Vision. One such area is imaging and spectroscopy in the very difficult 0.1-10 MeV photon energy range.” Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

16. Activity already done on Laue lens development in Europe • ESA ITT assigned to Alenia-Thales Italia for Laue lens crystal developments. • CESR Institute, Toulouse (PI, P. Von Ballmoos): Laue lens technology development for annihilation and nuclear line studies. • UNIFE with HAXTEL ASI contract: development of lens assembling technology for low (<15 m) focal lengths. Prototype successfully developed and tested (Frontera et al. 2008). • Crystal tests for Laue lenses (N. Barriere, now at UCB) • Development of focal plane imaging detectors for Laue lenses (IASF Bologna, Rome, Milan and Palermo). • Monte Carlo studies of polarimeters in the focus of Laue lenses (University of Coimbra (R. Silva) in collaboration with IASFBO). • Proposed GRI by a Large International Collaboration to the 1st ESA call within the “Cosmic Vision 2015-2025” plan in June 2007. Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

17. First lens prototype image Difference between measured image and Monte Carlo image in the case of a perfect assembling of the crystals in the lens Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

18. Prospects for Laue lenses • Possible addition of a second satellite hosting a Laue lens fro nuclear lines (700-800 keV) in formation flying with a Japanese satellite with a Compton telescope aboard (PI T. Takahashi). • Test of a 70-300 keV Laue lens aboard a balloon • Results of the feasibility study presented at the national workshop on Long Duration Balloons (Rome, June 2008, Frontera et al. 2008). • Submission of a broad band (1-600 keV) telescope (ML, Laue lenses) proposal at the 2° issue of ESA Calls for “Cosmic Vision” program. • ?????????? Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010

19. LAUE DTM PROJECT OFFICE 1000 DTM SVILUPPO CRISTALLI 2000 IMEM PROGET. e SVILUPPO PETALO 3000 TAS-MI TEST PETALO 4000 UNI-FE STUDIO ASSEMBL. LENTE 5000 TAS-TO Management / PA 1100 DTM Cristalli a mosaico 2100 IMEM Metodo di assembl. e allineamento 3100 DTM MGSE 4100 UNI-FE Progetto e analisi 5100 TAS-TO Science Requirements 1200 UNIV-FE Cristalli corrugati 2200 LSS-UNIFE Sviluppo attrezzatura e realizzazione prototipo 3200 DTM EGSE realizzazione 4200 TAS-MI Metrologia 5200 TAS System engineering & technical support 1300 TAS-MI Produzione tessere 2300 IMEM Test ingegnerisitici petalo 3300 TAS-MI EGSE: defin./accet. e realizzazione rivelatore 4300 IASF-BO Test scientifico petalo 4400 UNI-FE Preliminary Spericification Review meeting- April 2010