Ground Based Observatories (GBO) CDR

1. Ground Based Observatories (GBO) CDR S. B. Mende University of California - Berkeley

2. GBO Team Institutions • University of California – Berkeley (UCB) • S. B. Mende – GBO science lead • Provides ASI development, system engineering, GBO system fabrication and construction, data archive and dissemination • University of California – Los Angeles (UCLA) • C. T. Russell – magnetometer science lead • Develop and provide ground magnetometer and GPS for GBO / EPO • University of Calgary • E. Donovan – Canadian science lead • Providing GBO system deployment in Canada, field management, data collection, development participation • University of Alberta • I. Mann – magnetometer scientist • Providing access to Canadian magnetometer network

3. Peer Review preceding CDR Detailed Peer Review was conducted on the 26th and 27 th of April in Calgary, Canada. Peer Review Panel consisted of technical specialists: Dr. Michael Lampton, UCB acting chair, currently senior scientist with Super Nova Acceleration Program working at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. Dr. Hans Nielsen, University of Alaska, scientific project leader on several ground and aircraft based auroral observing programs. Dr. Jeff Baumgardner, Boston University, instrument scientist on optical aurora and airglow programs Mr. R. Sterling, UCB lead engineer on the Antarctic Automatic Observatory Refurbishment Program NASA representatioves: Bill Davis, Dennis S. Lee, Frank Snow and John Thurber

4. Recent Comment from Dr. Michael Lampton chairman of the peer review board:

5. UCB Organization GBO / UCB Organization GBO Lead Co-Investigator S. B. Mende 510-642-0876 Administrator Yaling Zhu 510-643-5176 Project Manager S. Harris 510-643-3395 System Eng. S. Harris Mechanical G. Dalton Software S. Geller Test & Verif. H. Frey Electrical Test W. Rachelson Assembly B. Dalen

6. UCLA Organization GBO/EPO Magnetometer Organization Lead Co-Investigator C. T. Russell 310-825-3188 R & QA D. Dearborn 310-825-1488 Business Office J Nakatsuka 310-825-3939 Program Manager D. Pierce 775-588-0356 Magnetics R. Snare Analog D. Pierce Mechanical G. Barr Digital D. Dearborn Assembly W. Greer

7. GBOs: A synoptic view of the aurora Major Science objective is to locate and time the substorm onset as seen at ground level. At onset the aurora intensifies and expands and the magnetic field caused by the ionospheric current intensifies. Global auroral image taken by IMAGE WIC. Proposed THEMIS GBO sites superimposed.

8. GBO Site Locations • IMAGE FUV substorm onset identification. • Of events indicated within GBO longitude sector, 2% are outside the latitude covered

9. GBO Science Objective GBO shall monitor the auroral light and ionospheric currents across North America in order to localize the time, location, and evolution of the auroral manifestation of the substorm. Themis mission requirement relating to GBO: Determine substorm onset time and substorm meridian magnetic local time (MLT) using All Sky Imagers (one ASI per MLT hr) and Ground Magnetometer (two GMAG per MLT hr) with t_res<30s and dMLT<1° respectively, in an 8hr geographic local time sector including the US.

10. GBO Derived Requirements

11. ASI Requirements

12. ASI Specifications • Imager: • Field of View: 170º full angle • Spectral passband: 400 – 700 nm (with IR filter) • Sensitivity: < 1kR (5:1 S/N) • Spatial resolution: 290 pixel diameter all-sky-image • Exposure duration: programmable, 1 sec typical • Cadence: 5 s demonstrated, 3 s appears feasible • Enclosure: • Operate in external ambient –50º to +40ºC • Maintain internal temperature at 20º ± 10ºC • Requires about 150 W heating worst case • Hermetically sealed unit w/ nitrogen purge • Dessicant used for field repair • Hermetically sealed electrical connectors • Polycarbonate/acrylic dome • Flexible mounting

13. Mag Requirements & Specifications • System Features • GPS Receiver Antenna and Electronics Integrated into one package May be located >30M from host (RS422 signals)  NTP compatible (1msec time accuracy) • Flxugate Magnetometer •  ±72KnT dynamic range @ 0.01nT Resolution (~23 bits) Offset DAC system for 256 possible ranges per axis  2 Vectors per second data rate Low Power < 4W Small Size 22cm x 13cm x 5cm Ruggedized All Weather Sensor Design USB interface for data retrieval and firmware upload

14. Implementation Plan • GBO Program Implementation: • Integrate ASI from UCB, GMAG from UCLA with site prep and deployment provided by U. Calgary • Build, calibrate and qualify first unit within one year after start of Phase B • Five sites shall be installed two winters before THEMIS launch • Total GBO installed network shall be 20 sites, installed one winter before THEMIS launch

15. GBO Site Location Deployment

16. Observatory Design • Major components: • Science Instruments: • All Sky Imager (ASI) • Ground Magnetometer (GMAG) • GPS • Observatory Equipment • Communications • Environment Control • System Computer

17. Internet GBO Components Iridium All Sky Imager GPS Telesat Dish Computer Enclosure GMAG AC Power • Variations possible at some sites: • Existing magnetometer • Enclosures not needed • Existing Internet connection

18. All Sky Imager Heritage • Environmental protection/deployment and automation drawn from AGOs (flawless multi-year operation in Antarctica). • Prototype camera field tested in Canada • Demonstrated high cadence, high sensitivity • Taking 5s images

19. ASI Data Products • ASI primary image 290 pixel diameter is “binned” to 0.5° resolution (thumbnails) • Primary science data: • Level 1 (~ 1kbps)(incl GMAG, housekeeping) • • Available via SAT comm, either Telesat (Internet real-time) or Iridium (daily) • High resolution data: • Level 0 (180 kbps) • Selective downloads via Satellite Internet • Periodic collection via disk swapping

20. Production Enclosure Design Design: Allison Park Group, Inc.

21. Prototype ASI Enclosure

22. Dome: Stayed clear Some ice buildup on flange Heating: Maintain 50° T using about 35W avg. heat power Total heating power available is 240W 3/3/2004 ASI Enclosure Performance

23. “dome gunk” Courtesy M. Greffen ASI Prototype Findings • What we learned: • 5 second cadence produces a LOT of data • Insulation must be tolerant to sun exposure • Adopting Foil-face polyethylene air pillow wrap, multi-layer wrap • Improvement to dome heating is desirable • Sealing improvement needed • Other minor issues: • Need to reduce length of housing • Improve thermal coupling of thermistor to mounting bracket • Orient camera such that top of image is North • Various changes in fasteners / assembly

24. ASI Sun Shield • Background • ASI must survive, without degradation, non-operating exposure to daytime sun exposure • CCD is Sony Interline Transfer device ICX249AL • Features “microlens” on each pixel, an organic material subject to deterioration due to UV exposure • All Sky Lens uses Peleng Fisheye f/3.5 • A/R coating exhibited discoloration after one summer in Athabasca • Result • Need internal sun shield • Drives housing diameter and heat required

25. Sun Shield Design Retracted Position is the Fail-safe Position

26. Sun Shield Prototype • Status: • Just built • Needs adjustment / balancing • Solenoid drive circuit needs test • Provides low power cont. duty drive • Needs qualification test

27. Ground Site Requirements

28. Observatory Requirements

29. Rack Mount Shipping Case System Computer GMAG Interface Electronics Hot Swap HDD Space available for modems UPS 28” Prototype OSE Layout

30. Power Control Unit CR10X Datalogger UPS Camera Power Supply CR10X Battery Prototype OSE Layout (2)

31. Power Control Unit (PCU) The PCU provides control of both Temperature and Instrument Power • Design Approach • Provide temperature environment inside Computer Enclosure and ASI that enables use of standard commercial hardware for computer, USB hard drives, Telesat/Starband gear, etc. • Maintain internal temperatures at 20º ± 10º C • Implement graceful shutdown in either event of: • Loss of Power • Loss of Temperature (either too high, or too low) • In the event of extended power loss, power control must allow for temperature to stabilize prior to re-boot • Select “Smart” controller (CR10X) vs Thermostat approach • Programmable with remote access via Internet or Iridium • Provides analog I/O, digital I/O for System Computer • Extended temperature range (-55º to +85ºC) • Always operating and accessible • Low power consumption (battery can operate it for months) • Simple programming and data logging capability

32. Heating and Cooling Control ASI Heater CSE Cooler CSE Heater Temperature Sensors ASI CSE Outside VLINE Main AC CB1 SSRs CR10X Power Control Unit System Computer AC Power Digital I/O Serial I/O Analog I/O

33. CSE Heating / Cooling Devices Solid State Air Conditioner 163W Capacity 120VAC Power Small Space Heaters 175W, 120VAC, 2 ea

34. Internet Instrument Data Flow ASI System Computer Hot Swap Hard Drive(s) GMAG Telesat Modem GPS USB Serial I/O 10/100 Base T

35. Remote Intervention • Two Levels: • Typically GBO accessed via Internet • Hardwired in several locations • Using local LAN connection • Telesat HSi (Canada) or Starband 480 (Alaska) • Can provide fixed IP address • Tests indicate about 10kbps sustainable uplink rate • Under duress, Back up communication via Iridium • Reserve for remote locations? • 2400 bps

36. UCB Iridium Connection Serial I/O System Computer Supervisor Channel 1 Serial Port Switch Iridium Modem CR10X Supervisor Channel 2

37. Computer Sys. Enclosure (CSE) • Requirements: • House Observatory Support Electronics in Controlled Environment • ASI, GMAG, Computer, Communications, Control, etc. • Maintain internal temperature at 20º ± 10º C • Operate in external ambient of -50º to +40ºC • Provide “dust-free” method of cooling when required • External Cable access via “stuffing tube” • Provide access door for Hard Drive Hot Swap • Provide access for maintenance • Ruggedized and shock protection for transportation

38. Enclosure Concept “Box within a Box” Internal Rack Mount for Equipment (Doubles as Shipping Case) External Insulated Environmental Enclosure

39. Heating Required: Outside temp: -60º C Inside temp: +10º Heat added: 165 W Cooling Required: Outside temp: +50º C Inside temp: +40º Heat to remove: 80 W Heating/Cooling Needs Assumptions: Enclosure dimensions: 34” (h) x 44” (w) x 44” (l) Thermal resistance (R-value): R-12 Internal power dissipation: 47 W Prototype GBOAthabasca

40. Athabasca 4/15/04 courtesy M. Greffen Prototype Findings • Prototype CSE Deployment: • Current design size is larger than necessary. • Prototype size: 43” (L) x 45” (W) x 38” (H) • Could be smaller for easier transport. • Minimum size: approx. 37” (L) x 40” (W) x 38” (H) • “Awning” design needs improvement. • Keeping it warm inside has proven to be easy • Keeping it cool inside may be more difficult, but the solid state A/C seems to work.

41. MAG SYSTEM OVERVIEW • UCLA GBO MAGNETOMETER SYSTEM OVERVIEW

42. Ground Magnetometer • Overview: • Specifications • Design • Data Products • Software • GBO & E/PO

43. XC2S50 FPGA PIC18F452 Micro-Controller GPS Serial Interface Block Diagram • UCLA GBO MAGNETOMETER SYSTEM OVERVIEW TCXO Sensor Heater USB USB Interface FPGA FLASH DB9F Drive PPS Timing Interface Axis 1 DB25F Axis 2 DB15F Axis 3 GPS Heater & Power Interface DIN-5F Power Regulation +/-15V +5V

44. Mechanical and Thermal • GMAG PCB & Chassis

45. Mechanical and Thermal • Ground Magnetometer Fluxgate Sensor

46. Mechanical and Thermal • Ground Magnetometer Fluxgate Sensor Components

47. Mechanical and Thermal • Installed Fluxgate Sensor at LANL

48. GBO Data Flow

49. Data Flow & Monitoring • Collaborator tasks: 1) UCalgary physically installs and maintains the Canadian GBO's 2) UCB physically installs and maintains the Alaskan GBO's   3) UCalgary collects all GBO data (UCB ASI, UCLA GMAG, H&S) and GBO team (UCLA, UCB, UA) picks up data from UCalgary. 4) UAlberta recovers CGSM and NRCAN GMAG data. UCB picks up data from UAlberta. 5) UCalgary will have a notification system in place that will react to all high level GBO H&S issues. UCB acts in backup capacity for this role. • UCalgary maintains the physical status and responds to H&S of the Canadian GBO's • UCB maintains the physical status and responds to H&S of of the Alaskan GBO's 8) UCLA monitors the data quality of the GMAG data and directs UCalgary to make any configuration or calibration changes. Changes are discussed and approved by GBO team. • UCalgary monitors the quality of the Canadian ASI data. UCalgary will make changes to instrument configuration/calibration after consulting with the GBO team (if the action is not already specified in the ops doc).  • UCB monitors the quality of the Alaskan ASI data and directs UCalgary to make changes to instrument configuration/calibration.   11) UCLA will recover the E/PO data. UCB picks up data from UCLA. 12) UCLA will validate data and respond to any H&S issues.

50. Approach to System I&T • Lab testing where necessary and possible • For instance, testing of temperature limits on cameras • Cold limit testing on commercial components • Get in the field early and often • Establish network of GBOs well before satellites launched • Prototype to be deployed winter ’03-’04 • ASI deployed with OSE in Calgary late Feb. • CSE deployed in Athabasca mid-Apr • GMAG (E/PO type) deployed in Athabasca mid-Apr • Original Deployment Schedule • 5 Units to be deployed by winter ’04-05 • Additional 15 Units deployed by winter ’05-06