presented by János Fehér h. Associate Professor Chairman & General Director of VITUKI CONSULT Zrt

1. Source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorous inputs into the aquatic environment - An EEA assessment presented by János Fehér h. Associate Professor Chairman & General Director of VITUKI CONSULT Zrt on behalf of European Environmental Agency’s European Topic Centre on Water

2. OVERVIEW European Environmental Agency’s mission About the study Concept of source apportionment Assessment at European scale What is needed in the future?

3. European Environmental Agency Political Mandate: “To provide the Commission and Member States with objective, reliable and comparable information on the state of the environment.” Mission: “Through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public, the EEA aims to help achieve significant and measurable improvement to Europe’s environment.”

4. European Environmental Agency Established in 1990 by EU Council Regulation Located in Copenhagen Tasks of the EEA: Help the Community and member countries makeinformed decisions Become an independent analyst, assessor and information provider Build bridges between science and policy Coordinate the European environment information and observation network (Eionet) to support policy processes and inform the public

5. EEA Member Countries

6. EEA ETCs NFP NRC NRC NRC NRC THE NETWORK (EIONET) European Environmental Agency • The network embodies the EEA, which co-ordinates the whole, together with a range of partner organisations as follows: • NATIONAL FOCAL POINTS • NATIONAL REFERENCE CENTRES • EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRES • Air and climate change • Biological diversity • Resource and waste management • Terrestrial environment • Water (rivers, lakes, groundwater, marine and coastal)

7. PRODUCTS European Environmental Agency EEA 5-year state and outlook reports EEA Signals EEA Reports EEA Briefings EEA Technical reports EEA Fact sheets (total: 37, water: 9) EEA Multimedia publications Information services on the internet

8. About the study • Project period 2004 - 2005 • National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Denmark • Jens Bogestrand – coordinator, • Peter Kristensen and Brian Kronvand. • Niels Thyssen, EEA proejct manager • and contributions from ETC Water partner institutes. • The study delivered as far as it was possible updated information on the source apportionment of the total load of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the aquatic environment on a large scale • country, • large river basins, • seas • from the following sectors: • agriculture, industry, scattered dwellings, • wastewater treatment plants and • the background contribution.

9. About the study Activities • Information inventory International organisations such as transboundary river commissions (e.g. Rhine and Danube) and Sea Conventions (e.g. Helcom Baltic Sea Load Compilation). National (e.g. state of the environment chapters).and regional studies (such as German Länder and French River Basins Authorities), Studies and research. Many studies and research activities have in the recent years focused on aspects relevant for this study. Compared methods Analysed regional differences in relation to driving forces and pressures Produced a report

10. Concept of source apportioment Point sources: Urban waste water; industry discharges; fish farms; Diffuse sources: Background load (natural land (e.g. forest); load from agriculture; load from scattered dwelling; (stormwater outfall); atmospheric deposition. Load oriented approach Diffuse sources = CatchmentMeasured load river station- Point SourcesMeasured load + (retention) Source oriented approach Total sources = Point SourcesMeasured/estimated load + Diffuse Sourcesestimated load For example, Diffuse sources estimated from Background sources: export coefficients from undisturbed catchments Agricultural catchments: export coefficients from catchments with similar agricultural characteristics.

11. Concept of source apportioment

12. Assessment at European scale Some examples: - Coastal and marine areas (Baltic Sea, North Sea, Danube Basin) – split of point source discharges - Source apportionment annual load of nitrogen (A) and phosphorus (B)in large river catchments - Geographical differencies: a) Nitrogen load in selected regions and catchments b) Phosphorus load in selected regions and catchments - The estimated input of total N and P into the Black Sea

13. Nitrogen Phosphorus Inland waters Direct Inland waters Direct Municipal wastewater 84 82 85 81 Industry 15 15 14 14 Fish farms 1 3 1 4 Nitrogen Phosphorus Sewage treatment works 75 68 Households not connected 10 15 Industry 14 16 Aquaculture 1 1 Nitrogen Phosphorus Municipal point sources 73 78 Industrial point sources 19 15 Agricultural point sources 8 7 Table 1a: Percentage split of point source discharges to the Baltic, 2000[kg/ha/y] Source: Helcom (2004). Table 1 b: Percentage split of point source discharges to the North Sea, 2000 [kg/ha/y] Source: OSPAR (2003). Table 1 c: Percentage split of point source discharges to the Danube basin, 1996/97 Source: UNDP/GEF (1999).

14. Assessment at European scale Source apportionment annual load of nitrogen (A) and phosphorus (B) in large river catchments A B

15. Assessment at European scale Source apportionment of nitrogen load in selected regions and catchments [kg/ha]

16. Assessment at European scale Source apportionment of phosphorus load in selected regions and catchments [kg/ha]

17. Country Domestic Industrial Riverine Subtotal Bulgaria 2.5 71.0 19.2 92.7 Georgia 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.6 Romania 0.9 44.4 132.0 177.3 Russian Federation 0.4 0.0 62.3 62.7 Turkey 5.4 0.6 32.0 38.0 Ukraine 9.5 31.0 36.3 76.8 Other countries 198.3 Subtotal 20.3 146.9 281.8 647.3 Assessment at European scale The estimated input of total nitrogen into the Black Sea (1 000 t per year) Source: Black Sea Commission (2002).

18. Country Domestic Industrial Riverine Subtotal Bulgaria 0.7 0.0 1.9 2.6 Georgia 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 Romania 0.3 0.3 11.0 11.6 Russian Federation 0.5 0.0 6.1 6.6 Turkey 2.2 0.1 3.6 5.9 Ukraine 2.6 1.7 5.7 9.9 Other countries 13.6 Subtotal 6.7 2.0 28.2 50.5 Assessment at European scale The estimated input of total phosphorus into the Black Sea (1 000 t per year) Source: Black Sea Commission (2002).

19. What is needed in the future? Results from source apportionment studies are important in the policy formation process and in monitoring the implementation of policies and the effective measures. A European-wide source apportioment of nutrient loads could be carried out applying a relevant source apportionment tool at regular intervals (3-5 years using the Eionet-water network). Statistical model should be developed and calibrated for diffuse nutrient losses. Such statistical models should be developed for different regions in Europe and calibrated for present-day conditions regarding nutrient surplus and agricultural practices. This will erquire extention of Eionet-water database with - annual nutrient discharges - annual nutrient retention data - average groundwater residence times in hydrogeological regions - infromation on agricultural practicies (soil type, land use, topography, etc.)

20. Thank you for your attantion!