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2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever

2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever. Stanley Culpepper Tifton, GA. Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon! Its been happening since 1968!. The U.S. Wins the Gold Medal in Herbicide Resistance!!!!. Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (10/4/12).

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2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever

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  1. 2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever Stanley Culpepper Tifton, GA

  2. Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon!Its been happening since 1968!

  3. The U.S. Wins the Gold Medal in Herbicide Resistance!!!! Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (10/4/12)

  4. Confirmed Cases of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States 11 2 10 13 17 18 13 12 5 10 CT-2 DE-7 HI- 4 MD-11 MA-2 NH-2 NJ-4 RI-1 VT-2 27 2 22 7 8 21 16 22 1 4 26 9 22 13 4 11 20 6 24 2 5 11 19 5 8 6 5 Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (10/4/12)

  5. Resistance Development Economics, Effectiveness, and Ease of the herbicide(s) AND Biology of the weed

  6. Roundup Ready Technology Very Economical Very Effective Extremely Easy

  7. Resistance Development Economics, Effectiveness, and Ease are almost always the main factors 1. Single mode of action applied to large acreage 2. Few or no alternative classes of chemistry used 3. Little to no tillage 4. Little to no rotation in crops 5. Often in stressful environments when herbicide activity is minimized 6. Reduced herbicide rates, poor coverage, etc.. that minimize activity

  8. Tremendous Selection Pressure

  9. Selection Pressure Overuse of herbicide chemistry Resistance Herbicide Resistance: The acquired (inherited) ability of a weed population to survive a herbicide application that previously was known to control the population.

  10. Palmer amaranth Changes Agriculture Herbicide Resistance Biological Attributes 2005-2011

  11. What makes Palmer special? • Herbicide resistance?

  12. Oh my, how great it was!!!!!!

  13. WeatherMax 176 oz; POST 2”, 5”, and 8” (at least 24 times more lb active than normally needed) cotton

  14. Weathermax 88 oz Staple LX 10 oz

  15. What makes Palmer special? • Herbicide resistance? • Growth rate?

  16. Picture taken 7 am on 7-9-07 4 inches 52 hr

  17. Picture taken 7 am on 7-9-07 1/2 inch 12 hr (overnight)

  18. What makes Palmer special? • Herbicide resistance? • Growth rate? • Large stature?

  19. Rapid Growth Becoming Extremely Large

  20. What makes Palmer special? • Herbicide resistance? • Growth rate? • Large stature? 4. Competitive ability?

  21. Crop Rotation Yield Loss (%) from 1 AMAPA/row meter

  22. What makes Palmer special? • Herbicide resistance? • Growth rate? • Large stature? • Competitive ability? • Reducing harvest efficacy?

  23. Impact on Harvest

  24. What makes Palmer a special? • Herbicide resistance? • Growth rate? • Large stature? • Competitive ability? • Reducing harvest efficacy? • Seed production?

  25. Number of Seed Produced per PlantGlyphosate-Resistant Weeds in US 450 K 309 K 230 K 28 K 250 Giant ragweed Johnson-grass Horseweed Waterhemp Palmer amaranth Ragweed = Harrison et al. 2001; johnsongrass = Warwick and Black (1983); horseweed = Regehr and Bazzaz (1979); waterhemp = Nordby and Hartzler (2004); Palmer amaranth = Macrae et al (2009).

  26. Palmer amaranth seed production allows for rapid field domination Year 1 Year 3 to 4

  27. What makes Palmer special? • Herbicide resistance? • Growth rate? • Large stature? • Competitive ability? • Reducing harvest efficacy? • Seed production? • Rapid spread?

  28. Role of pollen movement and gene-flow in the spread of herbicide resistance

  29. Pollen-flow can move genes across the landscape

  30. And a trait becomes established in a new population

  31. Traditional Grower Response To Resistance 1. It want happen to me! 2. Ok, its starting to happen to me so when will the next new herbicide be here? (1992 was last new mode of action) 3. O *$&#, I got a mess. It’s on!

  32. Traditional Grower Response To Resistance 1. It want happen to me! 2. Ok, its starting to happen to me so when will the next new herbicide be here? (1992 was last new mode of action) 3. O *$&#, I got a mess. It’s on! The challenge for Extension and Industry is figuring out how to skip steps 1 and 2 moving straight into step 3.

  33. Helping Growers Respond More Quickly 1. Unified communication 2. Unbiased research defining potential impact from resistant weed. 3. Provide management programs that are as simple and economical as possible.

  34. 1 2000-2005: Herbicide costs = $27.80/A 2006-2010: Herbicide costs = $68.00/A Herbicide input increased from 4.25 to 10.625 lb ai/A

  35. Changes in Herbicide Management 2002: $24/A 2010: $63/A Roundup + Valor Burndown1 Gramoxone + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup + Staple POST 1 Roundup + Dual POST 2 Direx + MSMA PD Roundup Burndown Roundup POST 1 Roundup POST 2 Roundup + diuron PD

  36. 2 2004: 17% of growers hand-weeded 5% cotton acres at $2.40/A 2010: 92% of growers hand-weeded 52% cotton acres at $23.70/A Photo by A.C. York 2010

  37. Tillage is now a common scene 3 2004: 13.1% of cotton acres cultivated 2010: 32.1% of cotton acres cultivated Herbicide incorporation: 264,266 A (26.7%) Deep turn: 256,075 A last 3 yr

  38. Current Cotton Situation Cost to Manage Palmer in GA Cotton • Herbicide input: $68.00 per A $88 million • Hand weeding: $11.40 per A $15 million • Additional tillage: $5.84 per A $7.6 million • Yield loss ??? ???? $110 million

  39. RR Herbicide Program Getting Better* 2010 2012 *Conditions first six wk after planting drier during 2012 than 2010.

  40. Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!! 1. Diversified (more than just spray, spray, spray) 2. Timely herbicide applications (residuals key!) 3. Understand Palmer amaranth biology 4. More effective weed management programs

  41. Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!! 4. More effective weed management programs A. Herbicides (residuals, tank mixes, etc.) B. Hand weeding C. Selective applicators D. Control before, during, and after crop E. Timeliness is still key F. Overall objective is to eliminate seed production

  42. Relying Too Heavily on Herbicides?? How long will Liberty last? How long will residual of Reflex and Valor last?

  43. 2013-2015: Develop better programs reducing selection pressure on ALL herbicides

  44. Using Heavy Rye Covers For Sustainability Rye Cover Weedy Cover

  45. Herbicide Resistance: Will You Survive? 1,089,000 plants per acre 25 plants per square foot emerge = If resistance is one in a billion then you only need 918 acres to find that plant. (historically resistance is 1 plant in population of 1-10 million…9.18 acres)

  46. Questions/Comments Heavy Rye Production System: www.farmprogress.com/heavycover

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