Historical and Cultural context

1. Historical and Cultural context • Describe and evaluate the cultural context and development, the conceptual framework, the methodology, and the application of the learningmodel

2. What Historical and cultural conditions gave rise to the biological perspective? • Dualism • Darwin • Cultural acceptance of scientific method • Proven effectiveness of Drug intervention • The development of genetics and scanning studies

3. Biological Dualism Darwin Cultural acceptance of scientific method Proven effectiveness of Drug intervention The development of genetics and scanning studies Learning reaction to subjective study of the mind Particularly: Psychodynamic perspective emphasis on scientific study of observable behaviour Historical and cultural conditions

4. Biological localization of function in the brain • genetic contributions to explanations of behaviour, for example, twin and adoption studies effects of hormonal change on behaviour, such as melatonin and serotonin in the sleep–wake cycle biological correlates of behaviour Learning experimental testing of hypotheses Contribution of the each perspective to the scientific study of behaviour,

5. Biological endocrine system role of genes central nervous system (organization and function) neurotransmitters (general mode of action) bodily rhythms such as the sleep–wake cycle Learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning Radical behaviorism social learning theory cognitive maps+latent learning biological preparedness critical periods in learning Law of effect Compare the key concepts

6. Biological biological factors (such as genes and hormones) influencing behaviour (for example, innate tendency to imprint) relative importance of inherited disposition relevance of animal research Learning only observable, objective behaviour should be studied learning can take place in the absence of reinforcement innate predisposition to learning Compare the assumptions

7. Other assumption on learning • The majority of behaviour is learned from the environment after birth. • Psychology should investigate the laws and products of learning. • Behaviour is determined by the environment, since we are the total of all our past learning experiences, freewill is an illusion

8. evaluation of the assumptions of the learning perspective • comparison with other perspectives to explain strengths and limitations • empirical studies that challenge or support

9. Biological use of drugs, surgical procedures physiological impairment, such as strokes, brain injuries or Alzheimer’s disease physiological factors involved in emotion influence of hormones Learning classical and operant conditioning shaping social learning, modelling learned helplessness Compare theoretical explanations of behavior

10. Biological correlational studies double-blind trials experiments interviews case studies questionnaires Learning experiments observations case studies Compare Methods used

11. Biological reliability and validity Learning replicability ecological validity Compare Methods used

12. Biological use of human participants for research use of non-human animals for research Learning use of human participants for research use of non-human animals for research Compare Methods used--ethics

13. Biological Education (gender differentiated classrooms, memory) Work (shift patterns and stress) or treatment (for example, drug therapy for dysfunctional behaviours) Learning Education (programmed learning), work (for example, modelling of behaviours) or therapy (for example, systematic desensitization) Application-Contribution

14. Effectiveness • Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining genders and gender role differentiation

15. Effectiveness • Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaininggenders and gender role differentiation

16. Biological Hormonal Story of Dr. Money and David/Brenda Learning Social learning and modeling Conditioning Compare

17. Effectiveness • Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining aggression

18. Effectiveness • Compare to what extent the biological and learning perspectives are effective in explaining stress

19. Biological The approach is very scientific. Practical applications have been extremely effective. Learning Behaviourism was very scientific, with high levels of reliability. It has many practical applications which have been very effective strengths

20. Biological Reductionist - it explains thoughts and behaviours in terms of the actions of neurons and biochemicals. This may ignore other more suitable levels of explanation and the interaction of causal factors. Learning The approach is reductionist - explaining a great deal of phenomena using only a few simple principles. weaknesses

21. Biological • It has not explained how mind and body interact - consciousness and emotion are difficult to study objectively. Learning Heavy reliance on animal research - discounts the qualitative difference between humans and non-human animals. weaknesses

22. Biological Biopsychological theories often over-simplify the huge complexity of physical systems and their interaction with the environment Learning • Ignores important mental processes involved in learning. Highly deterministic. Questionable ecological validity weaknesses

23. Writing an essay • A good psychology essay does these things: • • It answers the question • – It uses terms from the question • • It includes a detailed description with studies and/or theories • • It includes an evaluation of studies and/or theories • • It includes evaluation linked to the question • – It “pokes holes” in the question • – It shows depth of understanding

24. Writing an essay • Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the cognitive perspective.

25. Writing an essay • Evaluatetheories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

26. Evaluate • This command term asks you to make an appraisal of the argument or concept under investigation or discussion. You should weigh the nature of the evidence available, and identify and discuss the convincing aspects of the argument, as well as its limitations and implications.

27. Writing an essay • Evaluatetheories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

28. classical conditioning, operant conditioning observational learning cognitive maps biological preparedness critical periods in learning classical and operant conditioning shaping social learning, modelling learned helplessness Theories: Learning

29. Writing an essay • Evaluatetheories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

30. Social learning Pavlov Skinner Tolman Watson Experiments: Learning

31. Writing an essay • Evaluatetheories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

32. The approach is reductionist - Heavy reliance on animal research - Ignores important mental processes involved in learning. Highly deterministic. Questionable ecological validity Behaviourism was very scientific, with high levels of reliability. It has many practical applications which have been very effective.• Strengths/weakness