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Maps

Maps. Map projection – “projection” of a spherical earth on a flat surface. http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/map-projections.gif. Latitude and Longitude. Latitude and Longitude are spherical coordinates on the surface of the earth

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Maps

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  1. Maps Mapprojection – “projection” of a spherical earth on a flat surface http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/map-projections.gif

  2. Latitude and Longitude Latitude and Longitude are spherical coordinates on the surface of the earth PreTest… http://geographyworldonline.com/tutorial/lesson1.html

  3. Latitude • Angular distance measured in degrees North or South of the equator • Lines of latitude that run parallel to the equator. • Equator divides the globe into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

  4. Longitude • Angular distance measured in degrees East or West of the prime meridian. • lines of longitude, called meridians, run perpendicular to lines of latitude • all pass through both poles. • each longitude line is part of a great circle. • Great circle is any circle that goes through the center of the earth.

  5. Equator—The line which encircles the Earth at an equal distance from the North and South Poles. • Meridian—any line of longitude; A great circle on the surface of the Earth, passing through the geographical poles and some third point on the Earth's surface. • Parallel—A circle or approximation of a circle on the surface of the Earth, parallel to the Equator and connecting points of equal latitude. • Prime Meridian—The meridian of longitude 0 degrees, used as the origin for the measurement of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich, England, is the internationally accepted prime meridian in most cases.

  6. MercatorProjection • has correct shapes of continents, but their areas are distorted. Lines of longitude are projected onto the map parallel to each other (square world map)

  7. MercatorProjection

  8. Robinson Projection • has accurate continent shapes and shows accurate land area http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html

  9. Gnomonic Projection • used to plot the shortest distance between two points, projected as if a sheet of paper were laid on a point of the Earth’s surface http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html

  10. Conic (or polyconic) Projection • used to produce a map of small areas. They’re made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html

  11. Conic (polyconic) Projection • http://www-atlas.usgs.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html http://www.bartleby.com/images/A4images/A4conprj.jpg

  12. Cool website • Follow the link below… http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/hall/index.html?node=20

  13. Map Scale – the relationship between the distances on the map and actual distances on Earth’s surface

  14. 3 types of map scales • Verbal: statement “1 inch equals 100 miles” • Graphic: line divided into equal parts and marked in units (bar scale) • Numerical: written as a fraction scale (1/100,000 and 1/24,000) or a ratio scale (1:100,000 or 1:24,000)

  15. Which map scale do you see? http://www.calvin.edu/academic/geology/courses/topomap/scale/scaler.jpg

  16. Topographic Maps shows the changes in elevation of Earth’s surface

  17. Topographic Maps • Contour Line – a line on a map that connects points of equal elevation • Contour Interval – consistant difference in elevation between two adjacent (side-by-side) contour lines http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm

  18. Rules to Remember • Contour lines: • Connect points of equal elevation • Cannot come to a ‘dead end’; they MUST • Go off the map • Make a closed loop (around hills and basins or depressions) • Cannot cross • Cannot fork • Touch ONLY if there is a vertical slope/gradient (like a cliff) • Form V’s that pointupstream (to the source) whenever they cross streams • are far apart in flat areas (gentle slope) • are close together to depict steep slope

  19. Features of Topographic Maps Relationship between 3D and 2D representation 3D view 2D view

  20. Contour lines Relationship between topographic features and contour lines

  21. Landforms the smaller features of the earth’s landscape defined by their shape, size and elevation…

  22. Mountain • – an elevated area of land, higher than a hill, with sloping sides

  23. Valley • an area of land lower in elevation than its surroundings

  24. Valley (topographic map) • The blue line is the river valley • Note the steep sides of the river walls

  25. Plain • an extensive, flat area of land, usually without trees http://chapters.marssociety.org/canada/expedition-mars.org/ExpeditionTwo/files/photos/Stony-desert-plain.jpg

  26. Plateau • A fairly flat area of land above surrounding land (area of flat land with high ‘relief’) ie. A mesa (below) http://parkerlab.bio.uci.edu/pictures/photography%20pictures/Sunset%20from%20Tonto%20Plateau.jpg

  27. (Relief – the distance from the base to the top (peak, summit) of a landform) • Relief map… http://faculty.gg.uwyo.edu/heller/Sed%20Strat%20Class/SedStrat%208/canyon800x600.jpg

  28. Canyon • a valley with very steep sides Canyon DiPetra, Grand Canyon, AZ http://photos.mongabay.com/it/749Petra.htm

  29. Strait • a narrow passage of ocean water joining two larger bodies of water • ie. Strait of Gibraltar between Africa and Europe http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/full/earth/strait.jpg

  30. Bay • a body of ocean water mostly surrounded by land and smaller than a sea or ocean http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/d/d2/Wpdms_usgs_photo_san_francisco_bay.jpg

  31. Peninsula • a projection of land surrounded on 3 sides by water http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/Regions/ManiPeninsula.html Mani Peninsula Satellite image

  32. Island • land completely surrounded by water New Zealand's most active volcano, White Island, was in a state of frequent eruption from 1976 to 2000. http://www.geonet.org.nz/images/volcano/our-volcanoes/White-Island-28766-20-lge.jpg

  33. Lagoon • a shallow body of salt water mostly or completely surrounded by land http://www.recreationvictoria.com/esquimaltlagoon/images/photos/esquimalt_lagoon-2.jpg

  34. Archipelago • a group or chain of islands http://lincoln.midcoast.com/~prospec/wizolution/cad/archipelago.jpg

  35. Archipelago a group or chain of islands

  36. Topographic Profile

  37. Congratulations – you found the hidden extra credit!!! Find: • The magnetic declination for our school • A bench mark (picture) • Locate the nearest bench mark to school • The latitude and longitude of our school down to the nearest tenth of a second. • The latitude and longitude of your house down to the nearest tenth of a second. Present this information to me after school any day before we finish the map unit…. Then sing the hokey-pokey-with me (only one verse) and get a bonus homework assignment.

  38. Azimuthal • for example… polar projection… the north pole is ‘touching’ the map and the longitudinal lines radiate outward.

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