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SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Explore how sedimentary rocks are formed through weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation. Learn about the types of sedimentary rocks such as clastic, chemical, and organic, and their unique features like stratification, ripple marks, mud cracks, and fossils.

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SEDIMENTARY ROCK

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  1. SEDIMENTARY ROCK

  2. BIGIdea Most rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks through external and internal geologic processes.

  3. The formation of sedimentary rocks begins when weathering and erosion produce sediments…

  4. Weathering: the breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface into smaller pieces (sediments).

  5. Erosion:the removal and transportation of broken down sediment.

  6. Sediments: rock, minerals and organic matter broken into fragments.

  7. HOW are sediments transported?

  8. Wind Moving water Gravity Glaciers

  9. What happens to sediments after they are transported?

  10. Deposition begins when erosion stops: • the moving particles fall out of the water or wind and settle on a new surface. • sediments get dropped off…

  11. How sedimentary rocks form: WEATHERING EROSION DEPOSITION COMPACTION: air and water is SQUEEZED out of the sediments CEMENTATION:mineral growth GLUES sediment grains together into solid rock

  12. FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS • SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE EITHER CLASTIC, CHEMICAL or ORGANIC (BIOCHEMICAL)… • 1. CLASTIC – MADE UP OF FRAGMENTS FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCKS

  13. a. CONGLOMERATE: MADE OF ROUNDED PEBBLES

  14. b. BRECCIA: FRAGMENTS THAT HAVE SHARP AND ANGULAR EDGES

  15. c. SANDSTONE: MADE OF SAND GRAINS CEMENTED TOGETHER

  16. d. SHALE: CLAY-SIZED PARTICLES CEMENTED TOGETHER

  17. e. Siltstone: another fine-grained sedimentary rock

  18. 2. CHEMICAL (NON-CLASTIC): ROCK FORMED CHEMICALLY OR ORGANICALLY FROM MINERALS THAT PRECIPITATE (separate) FROM WATER (solution)

  19. EVAPORITE: FORMED FROM MINERALS LEFT AFTER WATER EVAPORATES ROCK SALT (HALITE)

  20. rock gypsum chert (flint)

  21. 3. ORGANIC (biochemical) – MADE UP OF ORGANISMS coal / peat chalk fossiliferous limestone

  22. coquina

  23. Porosity:percentage of open spaces in a rock or sediment

  24. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POROSITY: (a) SORTING: amount of uniformity in particle size HIGH pore space LOW pore space

  25. (b) SHAPE: rounder particles = more porous (c) PACKING: loosely packed = more porous

  26. Permeability: how freely water flows through open spaces in a rock (the pores must be connected) Impermeable – water can NOT flow through

  27. Can something be porous but impermeable? The cork end is red because the wine went into it. Does this mean it is porous? If you turn the bottle upside down will it leak? Is the cork permeable?

  28. SEDIMENTARY ROCK FEATURES • 1. STRATIFICATION: LAYERING DUE TO THE CHANGE IN THE KIND OF SEDIMENT

  29. 2. RIPPLE MARKS: FORMED BY THE ACTION OF WIND AND WATER ON SAND

  30. 3. MUD CRACKS: WHEN MUD DRIES

  31. 4. FOSSILS: THE REMAINS OF ANCIENT PLANTS OR ANIMALS

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