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Limb observations of the middle atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths: Odin/SMR and future sensors

Limb observations of the middle atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths: Odin/SMR and future sensors. J. Urban, D. Murtagh … and the Odin team Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg (Sweden ). Overview. Odin / Sub-Millimetre Radiometer Odin/SMR observation modes: Stratospheric mode

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Limb observations of the middle atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths: Odin/SMR and future sensors

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  1. Limb observations of the middle atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths: Odin/SMR and future sensors J. Urban, D. Murtagh … and the Odin team Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg (Sweden) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services – 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  2. Overview • Odin / Sub-Millimetre Radiometer • Odin/SMR observation modes: • Stratospheric mode • Water isotope mode • Mesospheric observations • Future sub-mm limb sensors Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  3. Odin / Sub-Millimetre Radiometer Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  4. The Odin satellite • Swedish led mini-satellite. • Cooperation with Canada, Finland, France. • Launched in February 2001. • Design lifetime: 2 years. • Circular quasi-polar sun-synchronous orbit: • 625km altitude, 96min/orbit, • 6h/18h equator crossing. • Time sharing: 50% astronomy, 50% aeronomy. • Limb-soundingin aeronomy mode: • ~45-65 scans/orbit (~14 orbits/day) • 2 instruments: • SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer), • OSIRIS(Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System) • Aeronomy science objectives: stratosphere + mesosphere. • stratospheric mode (ClO, N2O, HNO3, O3), water isotope mode (H2O, HDO, H2O-18, H2O-17), • odd hydrogen / summer mesosphere mode (H2O, O3, CO), odd nitrogen mode (NO, HNO3, NO2 ) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  5. Atmospheric Signal A1: 541-558 GHz A2: 486-504 GHz B1: 563-581 GHz B2: 547-564 GHz C: 119 GHz Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer • 4 sub-mm (ssb) radiometers in 485-580 GHz range, 1 mm channel at ~119 GHz. • 1.1 m telescope. • 2 auto-correlators, 1 acousto-optical spectrometer, 1 (3 channel) filter-bank. The Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer [Frisk et al., A&A, 402, 3, 2003] Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  6. Swedish Space Corporation Odin/SMR frequency coverage Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  7. Odin/SMR observation modes Stratospheric Mode Strat-scan ClO, N2O, O3 7-70 km O3, HNO3 ~10 days / month Water Isotope Mode H2O, H2O-18, O3 Stratmeso-scan HDO, O3-18 7-110 km H2O, O3(mesosphere) ~4 days / month Strat-meso mode H2O, O3, CO Stratmeso-scan ~1 day / month Odd hydrogen mode H2O, O3, CO, HO2 Stratmeso-scan ~1 day / month Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  8. Odin/SMR stratospheric mode Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  9. Odin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: N2O, ClO, O3 @ 501.8 GHz 20-Sep 2002 Antarctic polar vortex - 78.4S/143.8E Northern mid-latitudes – 30.4N/346.1E ~ 18 km N2O O3 ClO N2O O3 ~ 25 km ClO ~ 32 km ~ 40 km CTSO-v223-offline Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  10. Odin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: ClO @ 501.3 GHz 20 September 2002 Antarctic polar vortex - 78.4S/143.8E Northern mid-latitudes – 30.4N/346.1E CTSO-v223-offline Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  11. HNO3 HNO3 Odin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: O3 and HNO3 @ 544.6 GHz 20-Sep 2002 Antarctic polar vortex - 78.4S/143.8E Northern mid-latitudes – 30.4N/346.1E ~ 18 km O3 O3 ~ 25 km ~ 32 km ~ 40 km CTSO-v223-offline Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy) CTSO-v223-offline

  12. Odin/SMR stratospheric mode: level 2 product / zonal mean O3 N2O ClO 501.8 GHz band 20-21 March 2003 O3 HNO3 544.6 GHz band Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  13. Arctic vortex 2002-03 @ 525K 9-10 Nov 9-10 Dec 13-14 Jan 19 Jan 23Jan 9-10 Feb 18-19 Feb 23-24 Mar T (ECMWF) N2O ClO O3 [Urban et al., GRL 31(7), 2004] Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  14. Odin/SMR water isotope mode Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  15. Strato-mesospheric Water Vapour • Radiative balance of climate system: most important greenhouse gas, indirect processes through cloud formation • Middle atmospheric chemistry: source gas of HOx-family, controlling O3-destruction in upper stratosphere and mesosphere • High concentration in troposphere. • Enters stratosphere through TTL (cold trap): dry air in stratosphere. • Relatively long-lived in stratosphere: distribution governed by global circulation. • Seasonal variations due to variations of Ttropopause:tape recorder effect. • Chemical production in stratosphere: methane oxydation. • Sinks in middle atmosphere: photodissociation, reaction with O(1D), OH. Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  16. Stratospheric Water Vapour H2O + h  H + OH H2O + h  H2 + O(1D) H2O + O(1D)  OH + OH Tropospheric Air CH4 +OH  H2O + CH3 CH4 + O(1D)  …  H2O • Sinks: • Sources: • Increase of ~1% / year in the stratosphere over the last decades (Oltmans et al. 2000, Rosenlof et al. 2001, Nedoluha et al. 2003) • Possible effects on ozone and climate(Kirk-Davidoff et al. 1999, Shindell 2001, MacKenzie and Harwood 2004) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  17. Odin/SMR water isotope mode H2O O3 H218O Spectra + fit for H216O, H218O, and O3 – band 488.35-489.35 GHz Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  18. 18O3 18O3 HDO 18O3 Odin/SMR water isotope mode Spectra + fit for HDO and 18O3 – band 489.95-490.75 GHz Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  19. Odin/SMR water isotope mode H216O HDO Retrieved profiles of H216O @ 488.9 GHz and HDO @ 490.4 GHz • Simultaneous retrieval of H216O, O3, H218O / HDO, 18O3-asym, 18O3-sym, scan-bias, linear baseline (offset), temperature, and continuum Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  20. Odin/SMR water vapour – 15 Dec 2001 Retrieval of water vapour H216O - band 488.35-489.35 GHz zonal mean and global distribution zonal mean H216O H216O at 30km 24 hours = 14 orbits x 50 scans / orbit Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  21. Odin/SMR water isotope mode: H2O, HDO, δD Zonal mean of water vapour H216O and its isotope HDO H2O @ 488.9 GHz HDO @ 490.4 GHz δD (HDO) 29-30 April 2002 26-27 October 2002 Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  22. Odin/SMR mesospheric modes Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  23. Strato-mesospheric carbon monoxide • Sources:CO2 photolysis (mesosphere + thermosphere), minor chemical source: CH4 oxidation (stratosphere). • Chemical sinks: CO + OH → CO2 + H • Lifetime:comparable or longer than typical transport timescales, e.g. ~ 1 week around 50 km • transport processes dominate the CO distribution in most of the middle atmosphere • tracer for global meridional circulation, coupling of troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere, … • Global observations: 4.6 μm IR emission: UARS/ISAMS (~6 month in 1991-92), Envisat/MIPAS (6/2002-3/04), mm/sub-mm emission: Odin/SMR (several days since Aug 2001), AURA/MLS (?/2004-). Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  24. CO data analysis • Global measurements: CO (J=5→4) @ 576.268 GHz • Strat-meso scan (7-110 km) → 7 Aug + 18 Nov 2001, 18 Nov 02, ~1-3 day/month since Oct 03; • Summer-meso scan (55-110 km) → 2-14 July 2002, -04). • LO-failure of 572 GHz radiometer correction for frequency shift! • Profile retrieval: altitude range ~20-110 km, resolution ~3 km, single-profile precision 10-25 %. 7 Aug 2001 – 3N/120W [Dupuy et al., GRL 2004, accepted] Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  25. Global CO data: seasonal variation N2O 5 Aug 2001 CO 7-8 Aug 2001 N2O 24-25 Nov 2001 CO 18-19 Nov 2001 Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  26. Mesospheric water vapour 39 km 49 km O3 H2O H2O O3 82 km 60 km H2O H2O O3 • Simulation of limb-scan between 0 and 90 km • H2O line at 556.9 GHz (most intense line between 0 and 1 THz) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  27. Odin/SMR H2O @ 556.9 GHz 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 Non-linear retrieval based on OEM Altitude range: ~33 to 90 km • Simultaneous Retrieval of (x=): • H2O profile • other lines present in the bandwidth (O3, HNO3) • temperature • continuum • instrumental baseline • pointing bias Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  28. Present and future missions • STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor (proposed) • Aura / MLS – Microwave Limb Sounder on Aura (launched 15 July 2004) • ISS: JEM / SMILES – Japanese Experiment Module / Sub-Millimeter Limb Emission Sounder (planned for launch in 2008) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  29. STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor Scientific Objectives • Climate Evolution • Detailed measurements of upper tropospheric H2O • IPCC identified lack of knowledge of the water vapour cycle particularly in the upper and middle troposphere as a major uncertainty in climate models • Water feedback provides a doubling of the CO2 temperature increase in current climate models • Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange • Highly spatially resolved measurements of O3, H2OandCO • Ozone Changes • Continued surveillance of ozone and ClO in post Odin and EOS-Aura era Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  30. STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor Preliminaries • Swedish-Canadian-French concept • Odin heritage in hardware [microwave (SMR) and UV/VIS-IR (OSIRIS)], human and science • Microwave instrument: 2 channels: • 320 GHz: H2O, O3, CO and N2O  UT/LS • 500 GHz: O3, ClO, H2O and isotopes  stratosphere • Optical / near infrared instrument: • to complement the microwave instrument and improve the microwave measurement analysis in the presence of clouds • 8 channels: 450 nm-1.3 µm • O3, H2O, aerosol and cloud property (UT/LS) • Stratospheric O3 • Limb imaging (multi-beam) observation scheme and 2-d tomographic retrieval concept for high vertical and horizontal resolution • SWIFT - Stratospheric Wind Interferometer For Transport studies (?) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  31. STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor mm-Channel (UT/LS) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  32. STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor STEAM retrievals: mm-channel • cloud-free atmosphere • 1-D retrievals (as for Odin) • tropopause: 12 km Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  33. STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor Sub-mm Channel (Stratosphere) Odin Windows Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  34. Microwave Limb Sounder on EOS Aura EOS Aura Satellite launched on 15 July 2004. Latitude coverage from 82oS-82oN. 3495 profiles per day 6 year lifetime W. Read - JPL Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  35. 119 GHz O2 H2O 190 GHz N2O 240 GHz CO N2O 640 GHz HCl ClO OH 2.5 THz EOS/MLS Spectral Coverage W. Read - JPL Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy) OH

  36. Y. Kasai, NICT, Tokyo Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  37. JEM/SMILES - frequency bands Y. Kasai, NICT, Tokyo Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  38. Summary / Conclusions / Perspectives Limb-sounding at sub-mm wavelengths well established tool for middle atmospheric research: • Odin carrying SMR(Sub-Millimetre Radiometer)launched in February 2001. • frequency range: ~485-580 GHz (4 tuneable sub-mm SSB radiometer), 119 GHz • now: ~3 years of observations starting from Nov 2001 (quasi-global coverage). • 50% astronomy, 50% aeronomy, • aeronomy mode: stratospheric and mesospheric research objectives. • Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) launched on 15 July 2004 (EOS/AURA satellite). • Radiometers at 119, 190, 240, 640, and 2500 GHz (DSB), • Research focus on UT/LS and stratosphere. • JEM/SMILES (Sub-millimeter Limb Emission Sounder) on Int. Space Station. • to be launched in 2007 (?), • SIS receiver (SSB), 2 bands around 625 and 649 GHz, stratospheric target species. • Proposed sub-mm instruments for UT/LS research: • STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor • MASTER (+ Marschals, airborne demonstrator) Wideband (8-12 GHz) channels in ~320-360 GHz range for UT/LS sounding, stratospheric channels around ~488-505 GHz. Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

  39. Acknowledgments • Odin/SMR retrieval group: E. Le Flochmoën, J. De La Noë, E. Dupuy, L. El Amraoui, F. Jégou, P. Ricaud Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l’Univers, L3AB, Floirac, France J. Urban, N. Lautié, C. Jiménez, P. Eriksson, D. Murtagh, M. Olberg Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden U. Frisk Swedish Space Corporation, Solna, Sweden Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes) and the French Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES). … also thanks to Y. Kasai, Communications Research Laboratory (Tokyo, Japan) W. Read, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena , USA) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

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