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Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW) to High Mountain Observations and ABC

Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW) to High Mountain Observations and ABC. Leonard Barrie Chief, Environment Division, WMO Lbarrie@wmo.int Search Engine “GAW”  www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html. The GAW Mission.

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Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW) to High Mountain Observations and ABC

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  1. Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW) to High Mountain Observations and ABC Leonard Barrie Chief, Environment Division, WMO Lbarrie@wmo.int Search Engine “GAW”  www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

  2. The GAW Mission • Systematic Global Monitoring Of Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere. • Analysis and Assessment in Support of International Conventions. • Development Of Air Pollution and Climate Predictive Capability Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

  3. SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUPS: AEROSOL OZONE GHGs PRECIP-CHEM UV REACTIVE GASES WMO/GAW Secretariat AREP CAS/WG Environmental Pollution And Atmospheric Chemistry(EPAC) QUALITY ASSURANCE- SCIENCE ACTIVITY CENTRES WCCs, RCCs, Projects CENTRAL CALIBRATION LABORATORIES (World Reference Standard) Calibration, Training Site Visits, Comparisons Twinning Workshops GAW STATIONS & GAWSIS GlobalRegional Contributing Networks Satellite Observations Analysis GAW WORLD DATA CENTRES: OZONE/UVGHGs(& Related Gases) AEROSOLPRECIP-CHEMRADIATION Synthesis IGACO GAW Monitoring Components

  4. Central Calibration Laboratories{Hosts of WMO World Reference Standards} • CO2, CH4, N2O,CONOAA CMDL USA • Total Ozone NOAA CMDL USA Dobson MSC, Canada Brewer MGO, Russia M124 • Ozone Sondes FZ-Juelich, Germany • In Situ Ozone NIST USA • Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

  5. World or Regional Calibration Centres{Linking Observations to World Reference Standards and Ensuring Network Comparability} • Total Ozone 6 Regional Dobson Centres 1 Regional EU Brewer Centre 1 Brewer travelling standard • Ozone Sondes FZ-Julich, Germany • In Situ O3, CO, CH4EMPA, Switzerland • CO2 , CH4, N2ONOAA CMDL USA • N2O , VOC IMK-IFU Garmisch Germany • Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH • Aerosol physical IFT, Leipzig, Germany • Precip. Chemistry SUNY Albany USA

  6. GAW Station Information System … GAWSISOnline - comprehensive information on all GAW stations • Database • Search / Update • Inventory / Audit (Supported by Switzerland)

  7. GLOBAL STATIONS IN GAW Alert Ny Ålesund 80 80 Point Barrow Pallas-Sodankylä Mace Head Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg Jungfraujoch 40 40 Mt Waliguan Izana Assekrem - Tamanrasset Mauna Loa Minamitorishima Kenya 0 0 Danum Valley Bukit Koto Tabang Samoa Arembepe Cape Point 40 40 Amsterdam Island Lauder Cape Grim Ushuaia 160 80 0 80 160 Neumayer Station Nov. 2005 South Pole

  8. GAW GLOBAL TOTAL COLUMN OZONE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data The symbols represent different instrument types. Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.

  9. Building A Global AOD Network Monitoring Swiss GAW and SAG-Aerosols organize with international co-sponsors: A WMO/GAW Experts Workshop A Global Surface-Based Network for Long Term Observations of Column Aerosol Optical Properties hosted by C. Wehrli, WORCC PMOD March 2004 in Davos Product A Blueprint For Moving Forward Foreword by G. Mueller of MeteoSwiss & Hal Maring of NASA Headquarters

  10. The Ground-based Global AOD Network “is currently un-coordinated” Latitudinal distribution Polar regions: 4 Midlatitude North: 50 Tropics: 26 Midlatitude South: 10 Total 90 Major data gaps Africa, Asia, India, Polar region and Oceans International: AERONET, BSRN, GAWPFR, SKYNET Courtesy of Chris Wehrli Davos AOD Calibration centre National: Australia, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, USA(4)

  11. Operational Aerosol Satellites Are Coming:So Far Only Demonstration Missions A best estimate of the global distribution of annual average tropospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) compiled by combining data from six satellites (operating for limited periods between 1979 and 2004). Observations for a region were selected using ground- based AOD observations as guidance ( courtesy of S. Kinne MPI, Hamburg, Germany ).

  12. Summit Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg Jungfraujoch Mt.Waliguan Mt Cimone Sonnblick Izana Assekrem Mauna Loa Mt.Kenya South Pole

  13. Russ Schnell Paolo Bonasoni Emilio Cuevas August Kaiser Wolfgang Fricke Hans Claude Stefan Reimann Jorg Klausen John Burkhart Jack Dibb Acknowledgements & Thanks To:

  14. Global Halocarbon Trends

  15. Mauna Loa Aerosol Lidar

  16. Mauna Loa Observatory Atmospheric Transmission

  17. Lat. 44.11 N, Lon. 10. 42 E, 2165 m asl Mt. Cimone GAW Research Station

  18. IPCC report, 2001 Measurements carried out at Mt. Cimone • O3andCO CNR • CO2byItalian Air Force Meteorological Service • Halocarbons: CFC-11 ,CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115, H-1211, H-1301, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCFC-124, HFC-125, HCFC-152a, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, C2F6, SF6, CH3Cl, CH3Br, CHCl3, CH2Cl2collaboration : UrbinoUniversity - CNR • 7Be, 210Pb, 222Rncollaboration: BolognaUniversity - CNR • Environmental radiation (cosmic ray) collaboration : Bologna University – INAF - CNR • PM10collab. BolognaUniv.- JRC Ispra - CNR • Size aerosol distribution, BCCNR • NO2andO3 total column (DOAS)CNR • Solar radiation CNR • Bioaerosol (pollen and spore) CNR • Meteorological parameters CNR and Italian Air Force Meteorological Service

  19. Saharan dust events and O3 concentrations Identification of Saharan dust transports: 2003 3 2 Particelle / cm3 July 2003 1 0 18 17 14 15 16 Mt. Cimone Coarse particle concentration at Mt. Cimone Station during a Saharan dust transport emphasize by MODIS Satellite image MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer July 16, 2003 P. Bonasoni, et al.: Aerosol-ozone correlations during dust transport episodes. ACP, 4, 1–15, 2004 Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

  20. Colombo T. et al., Biospheric influence on CO2 measurements in Italy. Atm.Env. 34, 4963-4969, 2000

  21. Selection of transport episodes from Po basin (air mass back-trajectory) Influence of Po basin air masses on O3 at MTC – SUMMER 2003 Influence of polluted air masses on background O3 concentration View of the Po Valley from Mt. Cimone during a summer haze day P.Bonasoni et al.: Background ozone variations at Mt. Cimone. Atm.Env. 34, N. 29-30, 2000 Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

  22. Mt. Cimone monitoring and analysis of stratospheric intrusion events 1) Model evaluation: Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport: A model and method evaluation Stratosph. air Time (hours) 2) Experimental : “Six-year analysis of stratospheric intrusion events at MTC” P.Cristofanelli et al., Model evaluation ... JGR, 108(D12), 2003.P.Cristofanelli et al., Six-year .. JGR, in press

  23. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS OF HALOGENATED GREENHOUSE GASES AT JUNGFRAUJOCH, SWITZERLAND AND OTHER EUROPEAN SITES Stefan Reimann Doris Folini Martin Vollmer Empa Swiss Institute of Materials Science and Technology Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

  24. Increasing HFC 134a coolant agent in air conditioners/fridges

  25. Merging trajectories and pollution events at Jungfraujoch and Monte Cimone for European source allocation 2-days back trajectories, grid 7x7 km measurements potential source regions of the refrigerant HFC 125

  26. European sources of the foam blowing agent HFC 152a as seen from Jungfraujoch 2001 2002 2003 2004 2003 National Communications to UNFCCC Austria Belgium Netherlands Germany France Italy 520 t 330 t 4 t 1880 t 460 t 0 t

  27. The GAW-DACH Co-operation: Aims, structure and outcome • Co-operation between Germany, Austria and Switzerland within the GAW Programme under the guidance of the National Weather Services • Since 1996 • Aims • Common data base • Exchange of experiences in measurement techniques • - Spatial representativeness of the measured data (NOx, CO, O3) Fricke et al., 2000 (DWD, 211) (German language)- Calculation and interpretation of the air pollution trends (NOx, CO, O3)  Trend report (2003) (German lang.)

  28. GAW-DACH Potential air pollutant source regions (red) Period: 1. 1. 1999 – 31. 12. 2002 Ozone (Dec. – Feb.) Ozone (June - Aug.) Measurement sites: Jungfraujoch, Hohenpeißenberg, Zugspitze, Sonnblick, Mt. Krvavec Winter: Ozone from above 3000 m; summer: Ozone from the continent and from the Mediterranean

  29. Izaña (IZO) 2400 m a.s.l.

  30. Carbon Dioxide daily night mean mixing ratio at Izana Observatory (INM) • A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, R. Ramos, J. Perez-delaPuerta, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Continuous Measurements at Izana GAW Station (Spain), “Report of the 13th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques (Boulder, USA, 19-22 September 2005)” GAW Report (WMO)

  31. Methane daily night mean mixing ratio at Izana Observatory (INM) • A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, R. Ramos, J. Perez-delaPuerta, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Continuous Measurements at Izana GAW Station (Spain), “Report of the 13th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques (Boulder, USA, 19-22 September 2005)” GAW Report (WMO)

  32. Izaña Total Ozone series TOMS+BREWER Total ozone (DU) over Izaña; Redondas & Cuevas

  33. Manuel Gil & Margarita Yela (INTA) Time series of the NO2 total column density over Izaña Observatory

  34. -560C

  35. South Pole Ozone Hole Ozonesonde Profiles Dobson Total Column Ozone October 15-30 Average Altitude (km)

  36. Site of the GISP II project (1989-93) Currently manned year round by a minimum of four personnel Berthing, office, and laboratory space available and powered continuously Research results led to the Memorandum of Understanding between the US-NSF, Danish Polar Centre, and the Greenland Home Rule Special issue on Air-Snow Exchange Studies at Summit to be published by Atmospheric Environment in 2006 GEOSummit 72º 34’ N, 38º 29’ W, 3250 m.a.s.l. Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

  37. Greenland Environmental Observatory ~ Summit GEOSummit Science Coordination Office Jack Dibb John Burkhart Roger Bales Cooperating Agencies:

  38. Summer peak in 7Be unique at Summit among Arctic sites, indicating significant seasonal influence from the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere 210Pb concentrations decrease with increasing elevation to Summit. Distinct lack of a winter peak confirms that Arctic Haze rarely extends to 3 km altitude over Summit (Filter samples analyzed by J. E. Dibb at Univ. NH) 7Be and 210Pb Radionuclides

  39. NOAA ESRL/GMD sampling at Summit demonstrates the value of the site as a unique, high latitude, free troposphere observatory. Opposing secular trends in CO2 and δ13C reflect anthropogenic input, antiphase seasonality due to C uptake by terrestrial biosphere. Methane and CO show little recent change, yet clear seasonality. N2O and SF6 (minor GH gases) show anthropogenic increases. Year round sampling of trace gases

  40. Seasonal cycles of hydrocarbons mainly reflect anthropogenic emissions and a weaker winter OH sink Reproducibility of cycles over 8 years indicates source/sink balance, providing sensitive baseline to detect/quantify future changes (Whole air samples analyzed by the D. R. Blake group at UC Irvine) Hydrocarbon Seasonality

  41. SOUTH POLE Average Total Column Ozone: 1991-2001 < 220 DU “ozone hole” conditions ANTARCTICA 90ºS NOAA CMDL Ozonesondes GREENLAND 72.6º N NOAA CMDL Ozonesondes NASA TOMS Satellite Match Campaign time period SUMMIT Total Column Ozone: 2004 / 2005

  42. QA/SAC Switzerland Carbon Monoxide at the Global GAW Station Mt. KenyaJörg Klausen1, Stephan Henne1, Josiah Kariuki Murageh21Empa Dübendorf, 2Kenya Meteorological Department • Science Issues • Long-range transport (India, Arabia, Southern ocean) • Trends in global equatorial background • Biomass burning • Monsoon patterns dominate general airflow • Very low CO due to clean marine air Contact: joerg.klausen@empa.ch

  43. GAW Site and Regional Background Stations

  44. WMO THANK YOU Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

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