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Chapters 12 Motor System – Cerebellum

Chapters 12 Motor System – Cerebellum. Chris Rorden University of South Carolina Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of South Carolina. Function of Cerebellum. Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control

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Chapters 12 Motor System – Cerebellum

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  1. Chapters 12 Motor System – Cerebellum • Chris Rorden University of South Carolina Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of South Carolina

  2. Function of Cerebellum • Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control • Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors • Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site • Considers related factors and makes adjustments

  3. Cerebellum • 50% of brain’s neurons, 10% of volume • Can change movements as necessary • E.G. Walking or talking • Does not reach conscious awareness • Muscle synergy or coordination monitored • Important in running, speaking - all fluid movements

  4. tentorium cerebelli • "tent of the cerebellum" • dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.

  5. Posterior Cranial Fossa • Fossa is a depression or cavity in the bone • Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata sit in the Posterior cranial fossa

  6. Cerebellar Anatomy Seen from feet • Located dorsal to pons and medulla • In posterior fossa under tentorium cerebelli • Lobes • Floccular Nodular(small fluffy mass) • Anterior • Posterior Anterior lobe (H) Posterior lobe (I)

  7. Flattened Cerebellum • Longitudinally separated into hemispheres and cortices • Median (Vermal) Vermis=worm • Paramedian (Paravermal) • Lateral

  8. Cerebellum Paramedian Primary Fissure Median Posterior Superior Fissure Horizontal Fissure Prepyramidal Fissure Posterolateral Fissure

  9. Cerebellar Nuclei (Nuclei = deep cluster of neurons) • Dentate nucleus • Largest, communicates through cerebellar peduncle • Carries information important for coordination of limb movements (along with the motor cortex and basal ganglia) • Emboliform nucleus (medial side of the nucleus dentatus) • Regulates movements of ipsilateral extremity • Globose nucleus • Regulates movements of ipsilateral extremity • Fastigial nucleus • Regulates body posture • Is related to the flocculo nodular lobe

  10. Dentate Nucleus Dentate Nucleus Pontine Projections Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Pons

  11. Somatotopic Organization • Tactile information • Ipsilateral anterior lobule • Bilateral paramedian lobules • Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum have similar representations • Motor representation • Same area as sensory mapping • May have auditory and visual processing

  12. Transverse Cerebellar Regions • Floccular nodular lobe (Archicerebellum ) • Oldest, related to vestibular part of CN VIII • Regulates equilibrium through vestibulospinal tract • Anterior lobe (Paleocerebellum) • Rostral to Primary Fissure • General Sensory Receptors • Concerned with muscle tone and walking • Posterior lobe (Neocerebellum) • Newest and Largest, Receives afferent projections from contralateral sensorimotor cortex • Projects to contralateral motor cortex • Functions in coordination of fine and skilled movements

  13. Longitudinal Cerebellar Regions • Vermis • Contributes to body posture • Paravermal region • Regulates movements of ipsilateral extremities (e.g. walking) • Lateral Zone • Regulates skilled movements of ipsilateral extremity (e.g. tying your shoe)

  14. Cerebellar Connection • Three Peduncles • Inferior – afferent: mediate sensorimotor input to the cerebellum • Middle – afferent: same as above • Superior – efferent: transmit output from the cerebellum to the brainstem and on to the thalamus, motor cortex, and spinal cord • Varied afferents to Cerebellum : • spinal cord • brainstem • motor cortex • Afferenet:Efferent Ratio = 40:1 • For each going from cerebellum to body, 40 coming in

  15. Afferent Pathways (Inferior) • Vestibulocerebellar Tract • Info From Semicircular Canals Through Inferior Peduncle • Maintains Upright Posture • Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract • Info From Reticular Nuclei (involved in regulation of sleep, respiration, heartbeat, etc.) • Unconscious Proprioception From Muscle Spindles, Golgi Tendons and Tactile Receptors

  16. Afferent Pathways (Inferior 2) • Reticulocerebellar Tract • Info From Cerebral Cortices, Spinal Cord, Vestibular Complex, and Red Nucleus • Olivocerebellar Tract • Info From Spinal Cord Through Olivary N to Contralateral Cerebellar Hemisphere • Source of Climbing Fibers for Direct Input to Cerebellum • Cuneocerebellar Tract • Mediate Proprioception From Upper Limbs and Neck

  17. Afferent and Efferent Projections Thalamus Red nucleus Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (pontocerebellar fibers) Inferior Cerebellar Nucleus (olivocerebellar fibers)

  18. Afferent Pathways (Middle) • Info From Pontine Nuclei From Opposite Cerebral Cortex, Visual and Auditory Inputs • To Opposite Cerebellar Hemisphere

  19. Efferent Pathways • Arise From Cerebellar Nuclei • Dentate nucleus • Emboliform nucleus • Globose Nucleus • Through Superior Cerebellar Peduncle to • Red Nucleus (Brainstem) • Thalamus • Motor Cortex

  20. Cerebellar Cortex • Structured in Three Parallel Layers • Molecular • Purkinje • Connecting Surface and Deep Cerebellar Nuclei • Source of All Efferent Fibers • Cerebellar Cortex • Granular • Have Mossy Fiber Axons to Purkinje Axons

  21. Clinical Considerations • Signs of Dysfunction • Impaired Muscle Synergy • Reduced Muscle Tone • Evident in Skilled Tasks • Ataxia • Lack of Order and Coordination in Activities • Slow Movement (Bradykinesia) • Mild Muscular Weakness (Asthenia) • Asynergia (Poor coordination of muscles: Dysdiadochokinesia) • Speech difficulties (Ataxic Dysarthria) • affects respiration, phonation, resonance and articulation, but most pronounced in articulation and prosody.

  22. Clinical Considerations 2 • Dysdiadochokinesia • Clumsiness in Alternating Movements • Switching between supination and pronation – e.g. screwing in a light buld • Tapping, Speech Sound • Dysarthria • Ataxic Dysarthria • Poor articulation: Slurred and Disjointed Speech • Dysmetria • Error in Judgment of Range and Distance of Target • Undershooting or Overshooting

  23. Clinical Considerations 3 • Intentional Tremor • Accessory Movement During Volitional Task • vs. Parkinson’s Disease Where Tremor Lessens During Volitional Movement • Hypotonia • Reduced Resistance to Passive Stretch • Rebounding • Inability to Predict Movement • Cannot Hold Back Movement • Disequilibrium • Unsteady Gait, Body Wavering

  24. Cerebellar Pathologies • Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) • Thrombotic, embolic or hemorrhagic • Vertebrobasilar Artery • Toxicity • Chronic Alcoholism • Progressive Cerebellar Degeneration • Friedrich's Ataxia: Autosomal Recessive Heredity Degenerative Condition • Combined Sensory and Motor Dysfunctions • Poor coordination of Gait and speech

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