Body Structure

1. Body Structure Body Structure

2. Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Define the elements of human body structure • Describe the planes of the body • Locate the body cavities and list organs that are contained within each cavity • Recognize the combining forms that relate elements and systems of the body

3. Body Structure and Organization   Organs  Tissues  Systems Cells Entire Body  Body Structure and Organization The body is organized from its smallest element, the cell, to the collection of systems.

4. Cells Body Structure and Organization Cells • Vary in size, shape, and function. • Need food, water, and oxygen to live and function. • Contain three basic structures: - Cell Membrane- outer covering of the cell. - Nucleus- central portion of each cell responsible for directing cell activities. - Cytoplasm- substance surrounding the nucleus and is responsible for reproduction and movement.

5. Tissues Body Structure and Organization Tissues Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task are called tissues. Types of Tissues • Connective tissue • Epithelial tissue • Muscle tissue • Nervous Tissue Connective Tissue

6. Organs Body Structure and Organization Organs Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called organs. lungs Organ Examples: kidney brain

7. Systems Body Structure and Organization Systems Groups of organs that work together to perform one of the body’s major functions are called systems. Integumentary System Consists of: Hair Skin Nails Oil glands Sweat glands

8. Musculoskeletal System Body Structure and Organization Musculoskeletal System Supports the body, protects organs and provides body movement. Consists of: • Muscles • Bones • Cartilage

9. Cardiovascular System Body Structure and Organization Cardiovascular System Pumps and transports blood throughout the body. Blood carries nutrients and removes waste from the tissues. Consists of: • Heart • Blood Vessels

10. Respiratory System Body Structure and Organization Respiratory System • Performs respiration Consists of the lungs and the airways

11. Nervous System Body Structure and Organization Nervous System Regulates most of the body’s activities and sends and receives messages from sensory organs. Consists of : Peripheral Nerves Brain Spinal Cord

12. Urinary System Body Structure and Organization Urinary System • Eliminates metabolic waste • Helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance • Helps regulate blood pressure Consists of: Kidneys Bladder Urethra Ureters

13. Reproductive System Body Structure and Organization Reproductive System Controls reproduction and heredity. Male Structures Female Structures • testes • penis • prostate gland • vas deferens • seminal vesicles • ovaries • vagina • uterine tubes • uterus • mammary glands

14. Blood System Body Structure and Organization Blood System Blood transports nutrients and waste to and from body tissues.

15. Lymphatic and Immune System Body Structure and Organization Lymphatic and Immune System Consists of: • Lymph • Lymphatic Vessels • Lymphatic Glands • Nonspecific Defenses of the Immune System

16. Digestive System Body Structure and Organization Digestive System Includes all organs of digestion and excretion of waste.

17. Endocrine System Body Structure and Organization pituitary Endocrine System parathyroid Includes the glands that secrete hormones for the regulation of several body activities. thyroid adrenal pancreas testes ovaries

18. Sensory System Body Structure and Organization Sensory System Includes the eyes and ears and those other parts of other systems involved in the reactions of the other five senses.

19. Body Cavities Body Structure and Organization Body Cavities Dorsal (back side of the body) Ventral (front side of the body) • Consists of the cranial cavity and spinal cavity • Separated by diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity • Lower portion of the abdominal cavity is called the pelvic cavity

20. Body Cavities Picture Cranial cavity Dorsal cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Body Structure and Organization

21. Directional Terms, Planes and Regions posterior superior (top or above) (back) anterior (front) lateral (side) medial inferior (middle) (below) Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions Directional terms describe a portion or position of the body.

22. Directional Terms, Planes and Regions Part 2 Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions For examination purposes, patients are either lying face up (supine) or face down (prone).

23. Planes of the Body Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions Planes of the Body • Frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior positions. • Sagittal is the lateral position. • Medial or midsagittal divides the body into right and left halves. • Transverse divides the body into upper and lower sections.

24. Quadrants of the Body Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions Quadrants of the Body Abdominopelvic Quadrants • Left upper quadrant (LUQ) • Right upper quadrant (RUQ) • Right lower quadrant (RLQ) • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

25. Regions of the Body Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Right inguinal (iliac) region Left inguinal (iliac) region Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions Regions of the Body

26. Combining Forms [acetabul (o)] cup-shaped hip socket gland fat air sac, alveolus vessel joint; articulation ear Combining Forms Meaning Combining Form • acetabul(o) • aden(o) • adip(o) • alveol(o) • angi(o) • arthr(o) • aur(i)

27. Combining Forms [blephar (o)] eyelid arm cheek heel bone abdomen head lip Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning • blephar(o) • brachi(o) • bucc(o) • calcane(o) • celi(o) • cephal(o) • cheil(o)

28. Combining Forms [chir (o)] hand bile fingers, toes tooth brain intestines gum Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning • chir(o) • chol(e) • dactyl(o) • dent(i) • encephal(o) • enter(o) • gingiv(o)

29. Combining Forms [gloss (o)] tongue jaw sweat ileum ilium lip abdominal wall Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning • gloss(o) • gnath(o) • hidr(o) • ile(o) • ili(o) • labi(o) • lapar(o)

30. Combining Forms [lip (o)] fat muscle eye tooth nail egg ovary Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning • lip(o) • my(o) • ocul(o) • odont(o) • onych(o) • oo • oophor(o)

31. Combining Forms [orchi (o),orchid (o)] testis ear foot; child vein hair foot anus Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning • orchi(o), orchid(o) • ot(o) • ped(o), pedi • phleb(o) • pil(o) • pod(o) • proct(o)

32. Combining Forms [psych (o), psyche] mind spine nose body neck hair bladder Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning • psych(o), psyche • rachi(o) • rhin(o) • somat(o) • trachel(o) • trich(o), trichi • vesic(o)

33. Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge Koretta complains of abdominal pain. The emergency room physician suspects that she may have appendicitis. In which of the following quadrants is the appendix located? A. RUQ B. RLQ C. LUQ D. LLQ Answer: B. RLQ

34. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Apply Your Knowledge This patient is being examined. Which of the following positions is she in? A. Prone B. Supine Answer: B. Supine

35. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Apply Your Knowledge Complete the following statements by adding the correct directional terms. The hands are to the elbows. distal The nose is to the face. medial inferior superior The stomach is to the heart and to the intestines.

36. Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 superficial anterior superior prone medial Apply Your Knowledge What are the opposites for the following directional terms? Answers • deep • posterior • inferior • supine • lateral