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Thinking & Intelligence. Fact or Fiction?. In general, people underestimate how much they really know. It takes less compelling evidence to change our beliefs than it did to create them in the first place.
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Fact or Fiction? • In general, people underestimate how much they really know. • It takes less compelling evidence to change our beliefs than it did to create them in the first place. • Only human beings seem capable of insight (the sudden realization of a problem’s solution) • In general, people with high intelligence scores are more creative than people with low intelligence scores. • Among the intellectually challenged, males outnumber females by near 50%. • As adopted children grow older, their intelligence scores become more similar to those of their biological parents than to those of their adoptive parents. • The SAT is a much better predictor of the college performance of white students than it is of blacks.
What is Thinking? Thinking is the mental expression of a problem or situation- If the brain is the computer then the thinking is the program-
Unscramble…. SPLOYOCHYG
Homo Sapiens= Wise humansWhy are we so smart? • Images & Concepts • Reasoning • Problem Solving • Form Judgments • Think Creatively
We think in images… • 97% of all people have visual images of thought. • 92% have auditory images of thought. • 50% Have images of touch, taste, smell & pain.
Images • Help us Understand verbal instructions • Help us think about our goals • Help us choose what clothes to wear • Help us arrange furniture
We think in Concepts (mental groups) • Human brain has a built-in capacity to group objects, events and people with similar characteristics… • Does it sounds like schema? (Piaget) • Prototype: best example of a concept…. Simple concepts: Tree Floor covering Dinosaur Job Athlete President Car Flower Book Ball House Store
We run into trouble when… Our information doesn’t match our concept
Reasoning Drawing conclusions based on information Sources of Error……… • Mood • Belief perseverance • Passive learning • Confirmation bias
Which parent will you deny custody to? Imagine that you serve on the jury of an only-child custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous economic, social and emotional considerations and you decide to base your decision entirely on the following few observations. Parent A, who has an average income, average health, average working hours, a reasonable relationship with the child and a relatively stable social life. Or Parent B, who has an above income, minor health problems, lots of work-related travel, a very close relationship with the child and an extremely active social life.
Reasoning.. Sources of strength • Mindfulness= “Flexible state of mind in which we are actively engaged in the present.” Langer • Recognizing that there is sometimes more than one good answer.
Problem Solving… • Trial & Error (until something works!) • Rote (learned set of rules) • Insight (sudden realization) • Deep understanding of a problem (Dunker) • Heuristics (rule of thumb) • Algorithm (step-by-step procedure: guarantees a solution) • Framing (how information is presented)
Barriers to problem solving • Mental set • Rigidity • Functional fixedness • Political correctness • Faulty concepts • Cultural barriers
Creativity= A way of problem solving that generates unique and valuable contributions • Fluency= # of ideas • Flexibility= Shift from one idea to another • Originality=How unusual/novel are ideas
What makes a person creative? • Small positive relationship between IQ and creativity. • Open to new experiences. • Challenges assumptions. • New ideas from existing knowledge.
Brainstorming • Define the problem broadly • What information do you have? • What don’t you know? • Allow time for processing • Seek varied input • Take some risk • ALL ideas are worthwhile!
